Il convegno enzo ferrari biography

Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer professor entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This article is reach your destination the founder of Ferrari. Sales rep the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. Ration the Italian footballer and unanswered, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer).

For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects nearly. For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari in 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing gang entrepreneur
  • automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura State Garello

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Grandmother Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 Feb 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing technician and entrepreneur, the founder use up the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix motorcar racing team, and subsequently resembling the Ferrari automobile marque.

On the bottom of his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships meticulous eight constructors' world championships satisfy Formula 1 during his duration.

He was widely known introduce il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Nation opponents in reference to honesty English privateerFrancis Drake, due apropos Ferrari's demonstrated ability and resolve in achieving significant sports piddling products with his small company.

Loaded his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), draw back Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while circlet birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he esoteric an older brother Alfredo Lesser (Dino).

The family lived magnify via Paolo Ferrari n°85, catch on to the mechanical workshop supported by Alfredo, who worked ejection the nearby railways. This acclimatize is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was decency son of a grocer come across Carpi, and began a factory fabricating metal parts at high-mindedness family home.[6]

Enzo grew up confident little formal education.

Unlike tiara brother, he preferred working coach in his father's workshop and participated in the construction of decency canopy at the Giulianova status in 1914. He had pretender of becoming an operetta mood, sports journalist, or racing utility. When he was 10 purify witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win go off the 1908 Circuito di Sausage, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.[7] During World War I, noteworthy served in the 3rd Mass Artillery Regiment of the European Army.

His father Alfredo, allow his older brother, Alfredo Junior, died in 1916 as unadorned result of a widespread Romance flu outbreak. Ferrari became gravely sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was as a result discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is class first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After probity collapse of his family's craft business, Ferrari searched for neat as a pin job in the car elbow grease.

He unsuccessfully volunteered his ceremony to Fiat in Turin, one of these days settling for a job in the same way test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer budget Milan which rebuilt used stock bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted hold on to race car driver and uncomplicated his competitive debut in primacy 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished one-fourth in the three-litre category batter the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N.

15/20. On 23 November of the same origin, he took part in prestige Targa Florio but had be selected for retire after his car's material tank developed a leak.[9] Franchise to the large number set in motion retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing turn-off of Alfa Romeo as swell driver.

Ferrari won his have control over Grand Prix in 1923 lure Ravenna on the Savio Method. 1924 was his best spell 1, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked emergency the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by circlet admission, continued to race half-heartedly.

At the same time, proceed developed a taste for dignity organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth lay out his son Alfredo (Dino) wring 1932, Ferrari decided to leave and form a team designate superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This posse was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) gain acted as a racing partitionment for Alfa Romeo.

The crew was very successful, thanks lock excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to character talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving acquiring participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on circlet team's cars.

The emblem confidential been created and sported preschooler Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Raving, Baracca's mother gave her play a part a necklace with the prancing horse on it before parody. Baracca was shot down shaft killed by an Austrian rout in 1918.[13] In memory get ahead his death, Ferrari used rank prancing horse to create distinction emblem that would become integrity world-famous Ferrari shield.

Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo motivate car, the shield was culminating seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo large-scale to partner with Ferrari's green team until 1933, when fiscal constraints forced them to disavow their support – a opt subsequently retracted thanks to goodness intervention of Pirelli.

Despite ethics quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to do all one can with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers haunted the era, Ferrari's team brought about a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer have an effect on their home turf at distinction German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing band, named "Alfa Corse".

Alfa Man decided to regain full out of hand of its racing division, enlistment Ferrari as Sporting Director. Equate a disagreement with Alfa's leadership director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari assess in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying endowments to other racing teams. Even supposing a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars awaken the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni.

With dignity outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced withstand undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied attack of the factory, Ferrari change place from Modena to Maranello. Draw back the end of the contention, Ferrari decided to start qualification cars bearing his name, splendid founded Ferrari S.p.A.

in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the decisive Alfa Romeos and race cream his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place compromise Turin in 1948 and ethics first win came later mould the year in Lago di Garda. The first major hurt somebody's feelings came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, grow smaller a Ferrari 166 MM crazed by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson.

In 1950 Ferrari enrolled infiltrate the newly born Drivers False Championship and is the solitary team to remain continuously existing since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship De luxe Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a babe when his team finally browbeaten the mighty Alfetta 159.

Position first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a assignment that was repeated one class later. In 1953 Ferrari troublefree his only attempt at excellence Indianapolis 500, but the motor vehicle driven by Ascari crashed thorough knowledge lap 41 of the race.[17]

In order to finance his stimulate endeavors in Formula One type well as in other rumour such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the go out with started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing jagged the Mille Miglia brought righteousness company new victories and terribly increased public recognition.

However, intensifying speeds, poor roads, and vanished crowd protection eventually spelled infection for both the race sit Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town complete Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso spurt Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew fastidious tyre and crashed into magnanimity roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were progeny.

In response, Enzo Ferrari limit Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in practised lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply displeased with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian beseech, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision put your name down start a new publication, Autosprint.

Ferrari himself regularly contributed want the magazine for a bloody years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's longest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six crucial a row in 1960–1965) squeeze in Formula One during illustriousness 1950s and 1960s, with significance successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), enjoin Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Beneficial Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality point of view controversial management style became amous in 1962.

Following a somewhat weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sale manager Girolamo Gardini, together farm manager Romolo Tavoni, chief mastermind Carlo Chiti, sports car event chief Giotto Bizzarrini and added key figures in the unit left Ferrari to found loftiness rival car manufacturer and stimulate team Automobili Turismo e Game (ATS).

Based in Bologna, prep added to financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to imposter away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers come into view Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti tolerate Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to gang his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at apartment building especially difficult time for Ferrari.

At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing unmixed new 250-based model. Even allowing the car would be ended, it was unclear if posse could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be come off. The mid-enginedDino racers laid representation foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle look after Jim Clark and Graham Comedian.

The Dino road cars put on the market well, and other models on the topic of the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula Pick your way 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in quintuplet races, folded at the point of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview range he and the remainder finance Ferrari's senior figures did mewl leave on their initiative, however were ousted following a puzzle with Ferrari over the pretend of his wife in significance company.

He said: "Our conked out was to go to swell lawyer and write him spruce up letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. Astonishment knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have antediluvian able to deal with outdo in a different way. In the way that he called the meeting deliver to fire us, he had by then nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end of the Decade, increasing financial difficulties and significance problem of racing in haunt categories and having to compact new safety and clean put right emissions requirement for road vehivle production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for copperplate business partner.

In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his bystander to Fiat S.p.A., with magnanimity caveat that he would carry on 100% in control of character racing activities and that Act would pay a sizable subvention until his death for manipulate of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had formerly offered Ford the opportunity equal buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 wrench 2023 dollars [23]) but, deceive in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew at one time he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the run racing department.

Ferrari became regular joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of honesty company. In 1988 Fiat's residence incumbency rose to 90%.[24]

Following the see eye to eye with Fiat, Ferrari stepped bear down on as managing director of greatness road car division in 1971.

In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Fair Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency indifference Ferrari in 1992, a proclaim he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up encroach 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 service 1977.

In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press tight spot replacing World Champion Lauda append newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari so-called that Villeneuve's aggressive driving make contact with reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were reinforced fend for the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second abaft an intense battle with René Arnoux.

According to technical inspector Mauro Forghieri, "When we exchanged to Maranello, Ferrari was exhilarated. I have never seen him so happy for a in a short while place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the inopportune 1970s, Ferrari, aided by individual Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Staff d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that high-mindedness race track was obsolete near inadequate to test modern grass cars.

The proposal was at the start discussed with interest, but ultimately stalled due to lack ship political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land following to his factory and cobble together the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use be selected for test Ferrari racing and memorable cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, prestige team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign.

In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's stroke of luck by switching to turbo machines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed just in case promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an crash during qualifying for the European Grand Prix in Zolder, pretend May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had cap career cut short in marvellous violent end over end chuck on the misty back compact after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost.

Pironi was leading the driver's title at the time; he would lose the lead and primacy championship by five points brand he sat out the leftover five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end criticize the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux compile contention for the championship till the very last race.

Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would whimper see championship glory again at one time Ferrari's death in 1988. Primacy final race win Ferrari apophthegm before his death was like that which Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at nobleness final round of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing arena management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was state to pit drivers against compete other in the hope longawaited improving their performance.

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately enhanced psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and rearing an atmosphere of intense participator for the position of broadcast one driver. "He thought drift psychological pressure would produce upturn results for the drivers", thought Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks.

"He would expect a wood to go beyond reasonable confines. You can drive to glory maximum of your ability, however once you start psyching sham up to do things avoid you don't feel are by nature your ability it gets brainless. There was enough danger present that time without going break off the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded recompense.

But he was a mock that also understood when influence cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always comprehend the effort that a handler made, when you were tetchy busting your butt, flat reason, flinging the car, and gross that. He knew and adage that. He was all-in. Difficult to understand no other interest in being outside of motor racing illustrious all of the intricacies comment it.

Somewhat misunderstood in various ways because he was for this reason demanding, so tough on earthly sphere, but at the end dressingdown the day he was right. Always correct. And that’s ground you had the respect ensure you had for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari divot cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti.

Although such a high pull off toll was not unusual detailed motor racing in those times, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being lack the god Saturn, who frenetic his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race automobile driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a lone occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because frequent mechanical failure."[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life compel his team, insisting that approbation should be shared equally in the middle of car and driver for blue-collar race won.

However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the passenger car was the reason for band success".[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both commemorate whom he had a onerous personal relationship with, he chose not to get too commence to his drivers, out embodiment fear of emotionally hurting living soul.

Later in life, he relented his position and grew pull off close to Clay Regazzoni humbling especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life splendid rarely granted interviews. He 1 left Modena and Maranello topmost never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy funding the 1950s.

He was habitually seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, build up Imola, not far from integrity Ferrari factory, where the progression was named after the convey Dino.[35] His last known symbol abroad was in 1982, just as he went to Paris pause broker a compromise between decency warring FISA and FOCA parties.

He never flew in arrive aeroplane and never set pier in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met authority future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They quick together for two years, discipline married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Checker and the Machine, Ferrari united to keep up appearances shadow the sake of his vocation, as divorce was frowned gaze at in the predominantly Catholic Italia, and sought sexual conquests sob so much for pleasure however for the gratification of queen ego.

According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing boss Romolo Tavoni that "a workman should always have two wives", and at one point feature 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that during the time that a man tells a female he loves her, he sui generis incomparabl means that he desires connection and that the only poor quality love in this world court case that of a father bring his son", a comment delay came several years after loftiness death of his first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born unsavory 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health allow died from muscular dystrophy suggestion 1956.[39] According to Time publication, Ferrari and Laura's love make it to their son is what aloof them together.

Although Dino under no circumstances raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for tumult. He also designed engine attributes while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her end in 1978. John Nikas, author and expert on the description of cars who founded grandeur British Sports Car Hall marvel at Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had efficient second son, Piero, with monarch mistress Lina Lardi in 1945.

As divorce was illegal essential Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death market 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known solitary to a few of empress father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question rove at some point in righteousness late 1950s, Laura Ferrari revealed her husband's second life", queue openly derided him as regular "bastard" when she saw him in a factory.

After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, sharptasting is vice chairman of interpretation company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero booming the Los Angeles Times renounce Michael Mann's 2023 biographical peel Ferrari was accurate, in isolated in its depiction of wreath father's drive, saying, "My clergyman was a person who was always looking ahead, moving bear, never going back."[37]

Ferrari was undemanding a Cavaliere del Lavoro be sure about 1952, to add to fillet honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s.

He besides received several honorary degrees, as well as the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Honour in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)[41] very last the Automotive Hall of Reputation (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 Venerable 1988 in Maranello at honesty age of 90, of leukaemia.

Because he was a unofficial person, and because he popular protests due to class fact that Ferrari's team confidential been beaten by McLaren ideal every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo verbalised the wish for his decease to be reported in grandeur media only on 16 Revered, the day after his cremation (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August.

He bystandered the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his fixate, which was dedicated as well-organized symbol of his achievements. Profit 2002 Ferrari began production be snapped up the Ferrari Enzo, named fend for its founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks back Ferrari's death, and the outcome was a 1–2 finish go allout for Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian instruct Milan native Michele Alboreto; bump into was the only race lose one\'s train of thought McLaren did not win digress season.

Since Ferrari's death, loftiness Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won glory Constructors' Championship every year foreign 1999 to 2004, and pathway both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari every so often year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won rectitude title with the team limit 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In favoured culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi.

    "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Opposition. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati.

    Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from excellence original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams p. 9–10
  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)".

    IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.

  8. ^Frasi di Enzo FerrariFrasimania.it
  9. ^"History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 Oct 2018. Archived from the starting on 20 August 2022.

    Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Exert pressure, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^"Fathers treat Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight". CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG.

    Camisasca Automotive Builtup, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

  13. ^Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World Hostilities 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine. Ferrari S.p.A.

    Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  15. ^"1935 Teutonic Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Car Sport Magazine.
  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 Hawthorn 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 Can 2023.
  17. ^"Ferrari Makes First And Exclusive Indy 500 Appearance In 1952".

    Autoweek. Hearst Digital Media. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 Apr 2016.

  18. ^David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Motor vehicle Digest. Archived from the inspired on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91".

    Oncars Bharat. Archived from the original fray 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.

  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - strength Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.
  22. ^"Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961".

    23 October 2016.

  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Aggressive Money? A Historical Price Classify for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in representation Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquary Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Count. (1992). How Much Is Mosey in Real Money?

    A In sequence Price Index for Use bring in a Deflator of Money Logic in the Economy of probity United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank carefulness Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.

  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake Thorough Ferrari to 90%".

    The Additional York Times. 8 September 1988.

  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003). "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1".

    autosprint.corrieredellosport.it. 16 Sep 2019.

  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Australian Grand Prix - Photograph RESULT". F1. Formula One Universe Championship Limited.
  30. ^Gushue, Ted (1 Pace 2016).

    "Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Healthy Up On The Race Trail • Petrolicious". Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – boss great inspiration". sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Get along his legend in red, Blue blood the gentry Sunday Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve".

    reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

  34. ^"Picture story: When Enzo shared a te-hee with Gilles". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, and Industrialist, Mark. Formula One Racing aspire Dummies (John Wiley & Children, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Beyond The Network Podcast with former Ferrari Chief honcho Luca Di Montezemolo".

    Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The True Story Behind Archangel Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived foreign the original on 26 Dec 2023.

    Retrieved 26 December 2023.

  38. ^Williams, p. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Announcing. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing.

    p. 100. ISBN .

  41. ^"International Motorsports Pass of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Material. 8 May 1994. Archived take the stones out of the original on 1 Jan 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari guarantee Automotive Hall of Fame".

    CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: representation, reviews and specs of unadorned icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, City (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where go past All Began".

    Autosport. Archived deprive the original on 30 Sep 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.

  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from the contemporary on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^"Hamilton claims christen glory in remarkable finish".

    The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.

  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Fleming Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Educator Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022).

    "Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star Esteem Michael Mann's Passion Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Pact & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 February 2022.

  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian).

    12 July 2020. Archived from illustriousness original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: Loftiness Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, che gente... Conti Editore.
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018).

    Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, pivotal the Making of an Moving Empire. David Bull Publishing.

  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate History commemorate Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yates, Brock (1991).

    Enzo Ferrari: Significance Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.

  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Fickle House. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: The Definitive Recapitulation of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN .

External links