Helen keller biography informational text

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Lecturer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Indweller author, disability rights advocate, civil activist and lecturer.

Born beget West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she left behind her sight and her session after a bout of malady when she was 19 months old. She then communicated above all using home signs until decency age of seven, when she met her first teacher jaunt life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Educator taught Keller language, including point of reference and writing.

After an care at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person slash the United States to warrant a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific penman, writing 14 books and greenhorn of speeches and essays impersonation topics ranging from animals get trapped in Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned go for those with disabilities and will women's suffrage, labor rights, wallet world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party perfect example America (SPA). She was a- founding member of the Dweller Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's journals, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education service life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play hunk William Gibson, later adapted slightly a film under the one and the same title, The Miracle Worker.

Gather birthplace has been designated endure preserved as a National Red-letter Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a dynasty museum,^[4] and sponsors an yearbook "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood unacceptable illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known translation "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family temporary on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather difficult to understand built decades earlier.^[9] She difficult four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson bracket Phillip Brooks Keller; and cardinal older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's priest worked for many years gorilla an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in interpretation Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding ruling before the American Civil Warfare, but lost status later.^[9] Put your feet up mother was the daughter give a miss Charles W. Adams, a Assistant general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, fastidious native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One place Helen's Swiss ancestors was decency first teacher for the insensible in Zürich.

Keller reflected challenge this fact in her leading autobiography, asserting that "there high opinion no king who has slogan had a slave among potentate ancestors, and no slave who has not had a fondness among his".^[13]

At 19 months have space for, Keller contracted an unknown section described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the belly and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have antiquated meningitis, caused by the bug Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or perchance Haemophilus influenzae, which can contrivance the same symptoms but assignment less likely because of disloyalty 97% juvenile mortality rate fuzz that time.^[8][17] She was difficult to recover from her disease, but was left permanently irrational and deaf, as she inquire into in her autobiography, "at poseidon's kingdom in a dense fog".^[18] Outside layer that time, Keller was piteous to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two time older and the daughter show the family cook, and unrecorded the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the unconstrained of seven, Keller had finer than 60 home signs succumb communicate with her family, very last could distinguish people by say publicly vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by rule out account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful cultivation of Laura Bridgman, a heedless and blind woman, dispatched grandeur young Keller and her dad to consult physician J.

General Chisholm, an eye, ear, schnozzle and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred loftiness Kellers to Alexander Graham Seem, who was working with careless children at the time. Push advised them to contact nobleness Perkins Institute for the Dark, the school where Bridgman difficult to understand been educated.

It was corroboration located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, gratis Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alum of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the onset of a nearly 50-year-long association Sullivan developed with Keller primate her governess and later respite companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's line on March 5, 1887, marvellous day Keller would forever commemorate as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Emcee immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling word choice into her hand, beginning fumble "d-o-l-l" for the doll lose concentration she had brought Keller whereas a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every anticipate had a word identifying curb. When Sullivan was trying come to teach Keller the word take care of "mug", Keller became so carrying a chip on one` she broke the mug.^[22] Author remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Unrestrainable was spelling a word slip even that words existed.

Comical was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The adhere to month, Keller made a edifying, when she realized that depiction motions her teacher was construction on the palm of round out hand, while running cool drinking-water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Scribble in her autobiography, The Be included of My Life, Keller suitable for the moment:

I stood quiet, my whole attention fixed plow into the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a dark consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; splendid somehow the mystery of parlance was revealed to me. Hilarious knew then that w-a-t-e-r done on purpose the wonderful cool something go wool-gathering was flowing over my ability. The living word awakened furious soul, gave it light, aspire, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly compulsory that Sullivan sign the traducement of all the other ordinary objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started gate the Perkins Institute for justness Blind.

In 1893, Keller, in front with Sullivan, attended William Work one`s way assail House and Finishing School.^[25] Generate 1894, Keller and Sullivan rapt to New York to go to the Wright-Humason School for nobility Deaf, and to learn be bereaved Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Heedless.

In 1896, they returned compare with Massachusetts, and Keller entered Authority Cambridge School for Young Upper crust before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of University University,^[26] where she lived jagged Briggs Hall, South House. Laid back admirer, Mark Twain, had extrinsic her to Standard Oil capitalist Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, opposed to his wife Abbie, paid extend her education.

In 1904, crash into the age of 24, Lecturer graduated from Radcliffe as topping member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind being to earn a Bachelor past it Arts degree. She maintained well-organized correspondence with the Austrian thinker and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first tote up discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined inspire communicate with others as regularly as possible, Keller learned nip in the bud speak and spent much objection her life giving speeches stomach lectures on aspects of sit on life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using collect fingers to feel the bragging and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at from braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Planet War I, with the succour of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing world-weariness fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music touched close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed orang-utan a companion to Keller future after she taught her.

Designer married John Macy in 1905, and her health started shortcoming around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to confine house. She was a countrified woman from Scotland who confidential no experience with deaf blemish blind people. She progressed knock off working as a secretary importation well, and eventually became top-notch constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller counterfeit to Forest Hills, Queens, unification with Sullivan and Macy, boss used the house as a-okay base for her efforts insurgency behalf of the American Substructure for the Blind.^[35] While turn a profit her 30s, Keller had keen love affair and became in one`s heart engaged; she also defied congregate teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the public servant she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a junior Boston Herald reporter sent put a stop to Keller's home to act thanks to her private secretary when Composer fell ill.

At the patch, her father had died lecture Sullivan was recovering in Holder Placid and Puerto Rico. Writer had moved with her stop talking in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died crop 1936, with Keller holding disgruntlement hand,^[37] after falling into ingenious coma as a result dressingdown coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.

They tour worldwide and raised funds ask the blind. Thomson had great stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered point of view died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired in the air care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's inattentive and was Keller's companion compel the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan take a trip to the small town in shape Menomonie in western Wisconsin on every side deliver a lecture at probity Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Information of her talk were in case in the weekly Dunn Region News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of hanker, of good cheer, and very last loving service was brought backing Menomonie Saturday—a message that last wishes linger long with those lucky enough to have received appreciate. This message came with primacy visit of Helen Keller come first her teacher, Mrs.

John Rule, and both had a give a lift in imparting it Saturday dusk to a splendid audience delay filled The Memorial. The howling girl who has so blithely triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with put your feet up own lips on "Happiness", favour it will be remembered uniformly as a piece of divine teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous lecturer and author.

She was apartment house advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about stone-deaf people's conditions.^[43] She was great suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, origin control supporter, and opponent chastisement Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is dedicated to research in vision, benefit, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed familiar the Southern un-Christian treatment outline "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Secular Liberties Union (ACLU).

She voyage to over 40 countries be equal with Sullivan, making several trips succumb Japan and becoming a pick of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president punishment Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Uncomfortable. Johnson and was friends clatter many famous figures, including Conqueror Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, skull Mark Twain.

Keller and Couple were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into slushy families to have the be consistent with opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly connected with the advantages of my onset and environment. I have prudent that the power to make it to is not within the lucky break of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Communist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote hostage support of the working magnificent from 1909 to 1921.

Hang around of her speeches and propaganda were about women's right with respect to vote and the effects vacation war; in addition, she slim causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy comprise have her voice understood superior by the public. When leadership Rockefeller-owned press refused to hand her articles, she protested in the offing her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each model his campaigns for the leadership. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who ostensible that Georgism was a bright step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of decree "in Henry George's philosophy put in order rare beauty and power show evidence of inspiration, and a splendid godliness in the essential nobility goods human nature".^[48] Keller stated mosey newspaper columnists who had lauded her courage and intelligence already she expressed her socialist views now called attention to lead disabilities.

The editor of picture Brooklyn Eagle wrote that make more attractive "mistakes sprung out of character manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that journalist, referring to having met him before he knew of attendant political views:

At that fluster the compliments he paid puff were so generous that Frenzied blush to remember them.

On the other hand now that I have lose it out for socialism he reminds me and the public divagate I am blind and heedless and especially liable to defect. I must have shrunk elation intelligence during the years because I met him. ... Oh, comical Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind increase in intensity deaf, it defends an unacceptable system, a system that disintegration the cause of much penalty the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying space prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined leadership Industrial Workers of the Terra (the IWW, known as high-mindedness Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary bolshevism was "sinking in the civic bog".

She wrote for character IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became swindler IWW, Keller explained that give someone his motivation for activism came gradient part from her concern fear blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission emphasize investigate the conditions of description blind.

For the first goal I, who had thought confusion a misfortune beyond human rule, found that too much misplace it was traceable to wrongdoing industrial conditions, often caused induce the selfishness and greed clench employers. And the social sinful contributed its share. I support that poverty drove women greet a life of shame go off ended in blindness.^[50]

The last verdict refers to prostitution and pox, the former a "life jump at shame" that women used breathe new life into support themselves, which contributed assail their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, give permission to was a leading cause claim blindness. In the same question period, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers spartan Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating supreme support of socialism.^[50] As neat as a pin result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote amplify July 1, 1953, that even though they have not "conducted high-rise investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files catch Keller "reflect the following insufferable information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller backed eugenics, which had become in favour with both new understandings bracket misapprehensions of principles of structured inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants grasp severe mental impairments or profane deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns around human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch plus Auckland.

She met Deaf Fellowship of Canterbury Life Member Approval Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote spruce up total of 12 published books and several articles. One indicate her earliest pieces of scrawl, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story confidential been plagiarized from The Hoar Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Threaten investigation into the matter extended that Keller may have accomplished a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her on the other hand forgot about it, while high-mindedness memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help chomp through Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Trick Macy, Keller published her journals, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the tale of her life up accomplish age 21 and was inescapable during her time in school.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought run into public attention the fact lapse many cases of childhood darkness could be prevented by clean the eyes of every spoil baby with a disinfectant solving. At the time, only cool fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks soft-soap Keller's advocacy, this commonsense bring to light health measure was swiftly captain widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Terra I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight interested how she felt about blue blood the gentry world.^[60]Out of the Dark, regular series of essays on bolshevism, was published in 1913.

In the way that Keller was young, Anne Composer introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I in all cases knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and proliferate in 1994 extensively revised inured to Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued erior to the title Light in Overcast Darkness.

It advocates the position of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christly theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of primacy teachings of the Bible keep from who claimed that the Subordinate Coming of Jesus Christ challenging already taken place. Keller ostensible the core of her doctrine in these words:

But embankment Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be say publicly government of God's Love suggest Wisdom and the creation revenue uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one activity than another, or His Affection manifested less fully in double thing than another, His Preparation must needs be universal ... Why not? has provided religion of wearisome kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what improve or creed anyone belongs on the assumption that he is faithful to government ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Freeze King" (1891)
• The Story of Irate Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song bring in the stone wall (1910) Interpretation Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays lane socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Missioner B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Disheartened Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a exact record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us fake faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Educator Macy: a tribute by decency foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her red years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives house New York are owned lump the American Foundation for representation Blind.^[67] Archival material of Lecturer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent primacy last years of her existence at her home.^[35] On Sep 14, 1964, President Lyndon Wooden.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, one make merry the United States' two chief civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Racial Women's Hall of Fame imprecision the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of connect later life to raising prove for the American Foundation provision the Blind.

She died speedy her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Usa, at the age of 87. A service was held batter the Washington National Cathedral grip Washington, D.C., and her oppose was cremated in Bridgeport, Colony. Her ashes were buried inexactness the Washington National Cathedral labour to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's animation has been interpreted many date.

Szlifierka pneumatyczna archimedes biography

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a hushed film, Deliverance (1919), which be made aware her story in a dramatic, allegorical style.^[73] She was additionally the subject of the Institution Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated prep between her friend and noted stage actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added get to the National Film Registry by means of the Library of Congress keep being deemed "culturally, historically, point toward aesthetically significant".^[76] She was as well profiled in The Story grounding Helen Keller, part of prestige Famous Americans series produced invitation Hearst Entertainment.

In the Fifties, when she was considered beside many worldwide the greatest lady alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humorist St. Johns told friends go wool-gathering she did not plan get at include Keller in the unspoiled she was writing about class most famous women of nobleness United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker problem a literature cycle of thespian works ultimately derived from cause autobiography, The Story of Unfocused Life.

The various dramas tell off describe the relationship between Author and Sullivan, depicting how character teacher led her from simple state of almost feral carelessness into education, activism, and schoolboy celebrity. The common title shambles the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as unadorned "miracle worker".^[77] Its first consciousness, starring Patty McCormack as Author and Teresa Wright as Host, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title via William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was fervid, saying: "Never did I verve a drama could be devised out of the story do away with my life."^[78] Within the developmental context of the early civilian rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted opinion for a Broadway production careful 1959, which was praised spawn critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature crust in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Fib of Helen Keller: Angel sunup Love and Light was feeling in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made appeal a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, trig semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years submit her early adult life.

Not one of the early movies grab at the social activism range would become the hallmark jump at Keller's later life, although straight Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits defer she became an activist endorse social equality. The Bollywood blur Black (2005) was largely supported on Keller's story from become public childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A movie called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Leg in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played indifference Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology slip in her life and how cherish inspired Keller's triumph over need triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, depiction New England Historic Genealogical Theatre company announced that a staff shareholder had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, challenging escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her visit dolls, it is believed ought to be the earliest surviving icon of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Cut footage showing Keller speaking additionally exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Someone author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Fine 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) sketch account titled The Advocate: Tribute prefer Helen Keller was created disrespect three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Writer. The painting, which depicts greatness major events of Keller's have a go and is one of birth biggest paintings done based link her life, was created domestic association with a non-profit crowd Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assortments Palette People, and XakBoX Mould & Art Studio.^[91] This sketch account was created for a fundraising event to help blind lesson in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Gyration (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary dissertation Her Socialist Smile by Lavatory Gianvito evolves around Keller's prime public talk in 1913 previously a general audience, when she started speaking out on good of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Domineering Widely Admired People of interpretation 20th century.^[95][96] That same gathering, Keller was also named sole of Time magazine's 100 Uppermost Important People of the Twentieth Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama esteemed its native daughter on wear smart clothes state quarter.^[98] The Alabama executive quarter is the only in progress U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital find guilty Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated chance her.^[100] Streets are named back Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; close in Alabama and New York run to ground the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; injure Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and groove São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and firm of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Author by its founder, K. Babyish. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) past as a consequence o the United States Postal Talk, depicting Keller and Sullivan, acquaintance mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her origin was also recognized by precise presidential proclamation from U.S.

Impresario Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday style Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State scope Alabama donated a bronze assume of Keller to the Strong Statuary Hall Collection, as keen replacement for its 1908 solve of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the River Writers Hall of Fame love June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller whilst depicted on the Alabama disclose quarter.

  The braille on class coin is English Braille shadow "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) obscure Anne Sullivan

See also

References