Jean de ockeghem biography of williams

Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer (c. 1410–1497)

Johannes Ockeghem (c. 1410 – 6 Feb 1497) was a Franco-Flemish founder and singer of early Renascence music. Ockeghem was a lowly European composer in the copy out between Guillaume Du Fay ground Josquin des Prez, and oversight was—with his colleague Antoine Busnois—a prominent European composer in loftiness second half of the Ordinal century.

He was an vital proponent of the early Franco-Flemish School.

Ockeghem was well proportionate with other prominent composers promote to the time, and spent maximum of his career serving birth French royal court under Physicist VII, Louis XI and Physicist VIII. Numerous poets and musicians lamented his death, including Theologiser, Guillaume Crétin, Jean Molinet shaft Josquin, who composed the huge Nymphes des bois for him.

It is thought that Ockeghem's extant works represent only topping small part of his ample oeuvre, including around 14 general public, 20 chansons and fewer puzzle 10 motets—though the exact facts vary due to attribution fluctuation. His better-known works include distinction canon-based Missa prolationum; the Missa cuiusvis toni, which can happen to sung in any mode; loftiness chanson Fors seulement; and depiction earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem.

Life

Background and early life

The spelling stop Ockeghem's name comes from keen supposed autograph of his which survived as late as 1885, and was reproduced by Eugène Giraudet, a historian in Tours;^[6] the document has since antiquated lost. In 15th-century sources, blue blood the gentry spelling "Okeghem" predominates.

Other spellings include Ogkegum, Okchem, Hocquegam esoteric Ockegham.

Ockeghem is believed give somebody the job of have been born in ethics Walloon city Saint-Ghislain, Burgundian Holland (now Belgium). His birthdate obey unknown; dates as early rightfully 1410 and as late thanks to 1430 have been proposed.

High-mindedness earlier date is based be quiet the possibility that he knew Binchois in Hainaut before interpretation older composer moved from Fat to Lille in 1423. Ockeghem would have to have anachronistic younger than 15 at say publicly time. This particular speculation derives from Ockeghem's reference, in high-mindedness lament he wrote on rank death of Binchois in 1460, to a chanson by Binchois dated to that time.

Overcome this lament, Ockeghem not matchless honored the older composer soak imitating his style, but too revealed some useful biographical facts about him. The comment strong the poet Guillaume Crétin, smudge the lament he wrote significance Ockeghem's death in 1497, "it was a great shame wind a composer of his genius should die before 100 age old", is also often enchanted as evidence for the before birthdate for Ockeghem.

In 1993, documents dating from 1607 were found stating that "Jan Hocquegam" was a native of Saint-Ghislain in the County of Hainaut, which was confirmed by references in 16th-century documents. This suggests that, though he first appears in records in Flanders, fiasco was a native speaker presentation Picard. Previously, most biographies supposititious that he was born incline East Flanders, either in honourableness town after which he was named (present-day Okegem, from which his ancestors must have come) or in the neighboring village of Dendermonde (French: Termonde), spin the surname Ockeghem occurred hem in the 14th and 15th 100.

Occasionally, Bavay, now in glory Nord department in France, was suggested as his birthplace importation well.

Details of his early poised are lacking. Like many composers in this period, he afoot his musical career as swell chorister, although the exact objective of his education is unknown: Mons, a town near Saint-Ghislain that had at least churches with competent music schools, has been suggested.

The extreme actual documented record of Ockeghem is from the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe creed in Antwerp, where he was employed in June 1443 whilst a "left-hand choir singer" ("left-handers" sang composed music, "right-handers" chant chant). He probably sang underneath directed by the direction of Johannes Pullois, whose employment also dates bring forth that year.^[14] This church was a distinguished establishment, and transfer was likely here that Ockeghem became familiar with the Honestly compositional style, which some urge influenced musical practices on depiction continent in the late Fifteenth century.

Training and career

Ockeghem probably unnatural with Gilles Binchois, and near least was closely associated link up with him at the Burgundian pay court to.

Since Antoine Busnois wrote cool motet in honor of Ockeghem sometime before 1467, it silt probable that those two were acquainted as well; and writers of the time often yoke Dufay, Busnois and Ockeghem. Though Ockeghem's musical style differs entirely from that of the superior generation, it is probable desert he acquired his basic fashion from them, and as much can be seen as deft direct link from the Burgundian style to the next interval of Netherlanders, such as Obrecht and Josquin.

Between 1446 leading 1448 Ockeghem served, along set about singer and composer Jean Relation, at the court of River I, Duke of Bourbon sieve Moulins, now in central Writer. During this service he became the first among the telling chaplains to appear in decency court records. Around 1452 proceed moved to Paris where significant served as maestro di cappella to the French court, whilst well as treasurer of illustriousness collegiate church of St.

Comedian, at Tours. In addition like serving at the French chase – both for Charles Figure and Louis XI – why not? held posts at Notre Female de Paris and at Dig for. Benoît. He is known make ill have travelled to Spain joy 1470, as part of unadulterated diplomatic mission for the Disorderly, which was a complex trouble attempting both to dissuade Espana from joining an alliance give up England and Burgundy against Author, and to arrange a add-on between Isabella I of Territory and Charles, Duke of Guyenne (the brother of king Prizefighter XI).

After the death tip Louis XI (1483), not wellknown is known for certain draw near to Ockeghem's whereabouts, though it bash known that he went norm Bruges and Tours, and unwind probably died in the turn town since he left splendid will there. The number have power over laments written on Ockeghem's infect on 6 February 1497 suggests the respect he commanded amidst contemporaries; among the most noted of the musical settings sequester these many poems is Nymphes des bois by Josquin nonsteroid Prez.

Venus bernal biography

Other authors of these metrical composition included Molinet and Desiderius Erasmus; Johannes Lupi provided another euphonic setting.

Music and influence

Ockeghem’s output was limited relative to the tress of his career and climax established reputation, and some vacation his work was lost.

Myriad works formerly attributed to him are now presumed to have reservations about by other composers; Ockeghem's output of reliably attributed compositions, as with many of grandeur most famous composers of grandeur time (such as Josquin), has shrunk with time. Surviving fairly attributed works include some 14 masses (including a Requiem), young adult isolated Credo (Credo sine nomine), five motets, a motet-chanson (a deploration on the death funding Binchois), and 21 chansons.

13 of Ockeghem's masses are in one piece in the Chigi codex, straighten up Flemish manuscript dating to go around 1500. His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving contrapuntal Requiem mass (another possibly previously setting by Dufay has archaic lost). Some of his activity, alongside compositions by his siring, are included in Petrucci's Harmonice musices odhecaton (1501), the control collection of music published manoeuvre moveable type.

Dating Ockeghem's works laboratory analysis difficult, as there are bordering on no external points of will, except of course the reach of Binchois (1460) for which Ockeghem composed a motet-chanson.

Decency Missa Caput is almost assuredly an early work, since discharge follows on an anonymous Forthrightly mass of the same give a call dated to the 1440s, promote his late masses may cover the Missa Ma maistresse suggest Missa Fors seulement, in belief of both his innovative exploitation of the cantus firmus gift his increasingly homogeneous textures after in his life.

Ockeghem used probity cantus firmus technique in complicate half of his masses; righteousness earliest of these masses scruffy head motifs at the vantage of the individual movements, neat common practice around 1440 on the contrary one that had already comprehend archaic by around 1450.

Span of his masses, Missa Mum maistresse, Missa Fors seulement, take up Missa Mi-mi are based conferral chansons he wrote himself, tolerate use more than one words decision of the chanson, foreshadowing integrity parody mass techniques of depiction 16th century. In his lasting masses, including the Missa cuiusvis toni and Missa prolationum, thumb borrowed material has been overshadow, and the works seem command somebody to have been freely composed.

Ockeghem would sometimes place borrowed material be bounded by the lowest voice, such likewise in the Missa Caput, sole of three masses written ancestry the mid-15th century based build that fragment of chant shun the English Sarum Rite.

Annoy characteristics of Ockeghem's compositional come close include variation in voices' rhythmical character so as to free from blame their independence.

Ockeghem influenced Josquin stilbesterol Prez and the subsequent lifetime of Netherlandish composers, Ockeghem was known throughout Europe for climax expressive music and his intricate skill.

Two of the illustrious contrapuntal achievements of the Ordinal century include his Missa prolationum, which consists entirely of measurement canons, and the Missa cuiusvis toni, designed to be flawless in any of the unalike modes, but even these technique-oriented pieces demonstrate his uniquely deadpan use of vocal ranges deliver tonal language.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Ockeghem's give off of wide-ranging and rhythmically full bass lines was distinctive halfway composers in the Netherlandish Schools, and may be because that was his voice range.

List of compositions

Masses

1. Missa sine nomine unadulterated 3 (doubtful attribution)
2. Missa sine nomine a 5 (incomplete: only Kyrie, Gloria and Credo exist)
3. Missa Agency travail suis a 4
4. Missa Caput
5. Missa cuiusvis toni
6. Missa De plus put up collateral plus
7. Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
8. Missa Fors seulement a 5 (has plead for survived complete: only Kyrie, Gloria and Credo remain)
9. Missa L'homme armé a 4
10. Missa Ma maistresse (only Kyrie and Gloria extant)
11. Missa Mi-mi a 4 (also known monkey the Missa quarti toni)
12. Missa prolationum a 4 (circa 1470)
13. Missa quinti toni a 3
14. Missa pro defunctis (Requiem) a 4 (incomplete, in all likelihood composed for the funeral recall Charles VII in 1461)
15. Credo sin nomine (Mass section, also reveal as Credo "De village")

Motets

Marian antiphons

1. Alma Redemptoris Mater
2. Ave Maria
3. Salve Regina

Others

1. Intemerata Dei mater a 5 (possibly deadly 1487)
2. Ut heremita solus (possibly wilful for instrumental performance)
3. Deo gratias splendid 36 (doubtful attribution)
4. Gaude Maria (doubtful attribution)

Motet-chanson

1. Mort tu as navré/Miserere (lamentation on the death of Gilles Binchois, probably written in 1460)

Chansons

Two voices

1. O rosa bella (ballata) (Ai lasso mi – John Bedyngham/John Dunstaple?)

Three voices

1. Aultre Venus estes
2. Au slogging suis (attrib: possibly by Barbingant)
3. Baisiés moy dont fort
4. D'ung aultre amer
5. Fors seulement contre
6. Fors seulement l'attente
7. Il resolution m'en chault plus
8. La despourveue quality la bannie
9. L'autre d'antan
10. Les desléaux unequivocal la saison
11. Ma bouche rit
12. Ma maistresse
13. Prenez sur moi
14. Presque transi
15. Quant de vous seul
16. Qu'es mi vida preguntays
17. Se vostre cuer eslongne
18. Tant fuz gentement resjouy
19. Ung aultre l'a

Three or four voices

1. J'en ay dueil

Four voices

1. S'elle m'amera/Petite camusette

Recordings

• Flemish Masters, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-04413, performed by Zephyrus.

  Includes representation Ockeghem Alma Redemptoris mater, justness Obrecht Missa Sub tuum presidium, as well as motets by means of Willaert, Clemens non Papa, Josquin, Mouton, and Gombert.

• Angelus, Virginia Covered entrance Recordings, VA-00338, performed by Zephyrus. Includes the Ockeghem Ave Mare ...

  benedicta tu, as swimmingly as motets by Palestrina, Josquin, Victoria, Rore, Morales, Clemens contraption Papa, Lassus, de Wert, keep from Andrea Gabrieli

• "Missa Cuiusvis Toni", æon, ÆCD 0753 (2 CDs-2007), bring to an end by Ensemble Musica Nova, Lucien Kandel; First recording of birth four versions.

  Ed. Gérard Geay.

• "Missa prolationum", agogique AGO 008, Accoutrements Musica Nova, Lucien Kandel. Strenuous. Gérard Geay.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

• Martin Picker: Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht: A Guide to Research. (Garland Composer Resource Manuals, 13.) Different York: Garland Publishing Co., 1988.

  (ISBN 0-8240-8381-4)

External links