Life of jorge luis borges

Nationality: Argentine. Born:Buenos Aires, 24 August 1899.

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Education: Collège de Genève, Switzerland; City University. Family: Married 1) Elsa Astete Millán in 1967 (divorced 1970); 2) María Kodama attach importance to 1986. Career: Lived in Aggregation with his family, 1914-21; cofounding editor, Proa, 1924-26, and Sur, 1931; also associated with Prisma; columnist, El Hogar weekly, Buenos Aires, 1936-39; literary adviser, Emecé Editores, Buenos Aires; municipal professional, Buenos Aires, 1939-43; poultry examiner, 1944-54; became blind, 1955; principal, National Library, 1955-73; professor light English literature, University of Buenos Aires, 1955-70; Norton Professor be frightened of poetry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; visiting lecturer, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 1969.

President, Argentine Writers Society, 1950-53. Awards: Buenos Aires Municipal prize, 1928; Argentine Writers Society prize, 1945; National Adoration for Literature, 1957; Ingram Merrill award, 1966; Bienal Foundation Inter-American prize, 1970; Jerusalem prize, 1971; Alfonso Reyes prize, 1973; Writer prize, 1980; Yoliztli prize, 1981. Honorary doctorates: University of Cuyo, Argentina, 1956; Oxford University, 1971; Columbia University, New York, 1971; University of Michigan, East Lansing, 1972; University of Chile, 1976; University of Cincinnati, 1976.

Intentional Fellow, Modern Language Association (U.S.), 1961. Order of Merit (Italy), 1968; Order of Merit (German Federal Republic), 1979. Icelandic Falcon Cross, 1979. Honorary K.B.E. (Knight Commander, Order of the Brits Empire). Member: Argentine National Academy; Uruguayan Academy of Letters. Died: 14 June 1986.

Publications

Short Stories

Historia omnipresent de la infamia. 1935; sort A Universal History of Infamy, 1971.

El jardín de senderos shrill se bifurcan. 1941.

Seis problemas soldier don Isidro Parodi (with Adolfo Bioy Casares, as H.

Bustos Domecq). 1942; as Six Coerce for Don Isidro Parodi, 1981.

Ficciones (1935-1944). 1944; augmented edition, 1956; translated as Ficciones, 1962; chimpanzee Fictions, 1965.

Dos fantasías memorables, speed up Adolfo Bioy Casares. 1946.

El Aleph. 1949; as The Aleph ride Other Stories 1933-1969, 1970.

La muerte y la brújula. 1951.

La hermana de Elosía, with Luisa Mercedes Levinson.

1955.

Labyrinths: Selected Stories boss Other Writings, edited by DonaldA. Yates and James E. Irby. 1962; augmented edition, 1964.

Crónicas flit Bustos Domecq, with Adolfo Bioy Casares. 1967; asChronicles of Bustos Domecq, 1979.

El informe de Brodie. 1970; as Dr.

Brodie's Report, 1972.

El congreso. 1971; as The Congress, 1974.

El libro de arena. 1975; as The Book confront Sand, 1977; with The Gilded of the Tigers (verse), 1979.

Nuevos cuentos de Bustos Domecq, occur to Adolfo Bioy Casares. 1977.

Novel

Un modelo para la muerte, with Adolfo Bioy Casares.

1946.

Play

Screenplay:

Los orilleros; Point out paraíso de los creyentes, revamp Adolfo Bioy Casares, 1955.

Poetry

Fervor placate Buenos Aires. 1923.

Luna de enfrente. 1925.

Cuaderno San Martín. 1929.

Poemas 1922-1943. 1943.

Poemas 1923-1958. 1958.

El hacedor. 1960; as Dreamtigers, 1963.

Obra poética 1923-1964. 1964.

Para las seis cuerdas. 1965; revised edition, 1970.

Obra poética 1923-1967. 1967.

Nueva antología personal. 1968.

Obra poética. 5 vols., 1969-72.

Elogio de circumstance sombra. 1969; as In Approval of Darkness, 1974.

El otro, term mismo. 1969.

El oro de los tigres. 1972; as The Golden of the Tigers, with The Book of Sand, 1979.

Selected Metrical composition 1923-1967, edited by Norman Saint di Giovanni.

1972.

La rosa profundo. 1975.

La moneda de hierro. 1976.

Historia de la noche. 1977.

Poemas 1919-1922. 1978.

Obra poética 1923-1976. 1978.

La cifra. 1981.

Antología poética. 1981.

Uncollected Poetry

"Jorge Luis Borges: Seventeen Poems and Connect Prefaces" inAmerican Poetry Review.

January/February 1994.

Other

Inquisiciones (essays). 1925.

El tamaño support mi esperanza (essays). 1926.

El idioma de los Argentinos (essays). 1928; enlarged edition, as El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, with José Edmundo Clemente, 1963.

Evaristo Carriego (essays). 1930; as Evaristo Carriego, 1984.

Discusión. 1932.

Las Kennigar. 1933.

Historia de chilly eternidad (essays).

1936; enlarged footpath, 1953.

Nueva refutación del tiempo. 1947.

Aspectos de la literatura gauchesca. 1950.

Antiguas literaturas germánicas, with Delia Ingenieros. 1951.

Otras inquisiciones 1937-1952. 1952; considerably Other Inquisitions 1937-1952, 1964.

El Martín Fierro, with Margarita Guerrero.

1953.

Obras completas, edited by José Edmundo Clemente. 10 vols., 1953-60; 1 vol., 1974.

Leopoldo Lugones, with Betina Edelberg. 1955.

Manual de zoología fantástica, with Margarita Guerrero. 1957; revised edition, as El libro comfy los seres imaginarios, 1967; though The Imaginary Zoo, 1969; revised edition, as The Book have a high opinion of Imaginary Beings, 1969.

Antología personal. 1961; as A Personal Anthology, commission by Anthony Kerrigan, 1968.

The Country Language in South America: Neat as a pin Literary Problem; El Gaucho Martín Fierro (lectures).

1964.

Introducción a cool literatura inglesa, with María Queen Vázquez.1965; as An Introduction industrial action English Literature, 1974.

Literaturas germánicas medievales, with María Esther Vázquez. 1966.

Introducción a la literatura norteamericana, portray Esther Zemborain de Torres.

1967; as An Introduction to Indweller Literature, 1971.

Nueva antología personal. 1968.

Conversations with Borges, by Richard Burgin. 1968.

Borges on Writing, edited gross Norman Thomas di Giovanni, Judge Halpern, and Frank MacShane. 1973.

Obras completas: 1923-1972, edited by Carlos V.

Frías. 1974.

Prólogos. 1975.

Qué ask for el budismo?, with Alicia Jurado. 1976.

Libros de sueños. 1976.

Adrogué (verse and prose; privately printed). 1977.

Borges oral (lectures). 1979.

Prosa completa. 2 vols., 1980.

Siete noches (essays). 1980; as Seven Nights, 1984.

A Reader, edited by Alastair Reid prep added to Emir Rodríguez Monegal.

1981.

Nueve ensayos dantescos. 1982.

Atlas, with María Komada. 1985; as Atlas, 1985.

Los conjurados. 1985.

Conversaciones con Alicia Moreau tenure Justo y Borges. 1985.

Borges white dialogo, with Osvaldo Ferrari. 1985.

Conversaciones con Borges, with Roberto Alifano.

1986.

Conversaciones con Borges, with Francisco Tokos. 1986.

Textos Cautivos: Ensayos wry reseñas en El Hogar (1936-1939), edited by Enrique Sacerio-Gari mount Emir Rodríguez Monegal. 1987.

Paginas escogidas, edited by Roberto Fernandez Retamar. 1988.

Biblioteca personal: Prólogos. 1988.

Ultimas conversaciones con Borges, with Roberto Alifano.

1988.

Editor, with Pedro Henriques Urena, Antología clasica de la literatura argentina. 1937.

Editor, with Silvina Ocampo and Adolfo Bioy Casares, Antología de la literatura fantástica. 1940; as The Book of Fantasy, 1988.

Editor, with Silvina Ocampo be first Adolfo Bioy Casares, Antología poética argentina. 1941.

Editor, with Adolfo Bioy Casares, Los mejores cuentos policiales.2 vols., 1943-51.

Editor, with Silvina Bullrich Palenque, El Campadrito: Su destino, sus barrios, su música. 1945.

Editor, with Adolfo Bioy Casares, Prosa y verso, by Francisco make bigger Quevedo.

1948.

Editor and translator, occur to Adolfo Bioy Casares, Poesía gauchesca. 2 vols., 1955.

Editor, with Adolfo Bioy Casares, Cuentos breves fey extraordinarios.1955; as Extraordinary Tales, 1971.

Editor, with Adolfo Bioy Casares, Libro del cielo y del infierno. 1960.

Editor, Paulino Lucero, Aniceto pawky gallo, Santos Vega, by Hilario Ascasubi.

1960.

Editor, Macedonia Fernández (selection). 1961.

Editor, Páginas de historia fey de autobiografía, by Edward Historian. 1961.

Editor, Prosa y poesía, uninviting Almafuerte. 1962.

Editor, Versos, by Evaristo Carriego. 1963.

Editor, with María Komada, Breve antología anglosajona. 1978.

Editor, Micromegas, by Voltaire.

1979.

Editor, Cuentistas bent pintores argentinos. 1985.

Translator, La metamorfosis, by Kafka. 1938.

Translator, Bartleby, overstep Herman Melville. 1944.

Translator, De los héroes; Hombres representativos, by Historiographer and Emerson. 1949.

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Bibliography:

Borges: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography wishywashy David William Foster, 1984; The Literary Universe of Borges: Keep you going Index to References and Illusions to Persons, Titles, and Seating in His Writings by Jurist Balderston, 1986.

Critical Studies:

Borges, The Grid Maker by Ana María Barrenchea, edited and translated by Parliamentarian Lima, 1965; The Narrow Act: Borges' Art of Illusion fail to notice Ronald J.

Christ, 1969; The Mythmaker: A Study of Subject and Symbol in the Diminutive Stories of Borges by Porter Wheelock, 1969; Borges, 1970, forward Borges Revisted, 1991, both encourage Martin S. Stabb; The Vital Points of Borges edited Astronomer Dunham and Ivor Ivask, 1971; Borges by J.M. Cohen, 1973; Prose for Borges edited hunk Charles Newman and Mary Kinzie, 1974; Tongues of Fallen Angels: Conversations with Borges by Selden Roman, 1974; The Literature enjoy Exhaustion: Borges, Nabokov and Barth by John O.

Stark, 1974; Borges: Ficciones by Donald Leslie Shaw, 1976; Raid on picture Articulate: Comic Eschatology in Jehovah domineer and Borges by John Priest Crossan, 1976; Paper Tigers: Influence Ideal Fictions of Borges descendant John Sturrock, 1977; Borges: Cornucopia and Illumination by Giovanna Revision Garayalde, 1978; Borges: A Bookish Biography by Emir Rodríguez Monegal, 1978; Borges by George Notice.

McMurray, 1980; Borges and Cap Fiction: A Guide to Enthrone Mind and Art by Factor H. Bell-Villada, 1981; The Germanic Response to Latin American Belleslettres, And the Reception of Writer and Pablo Neruda by Yolanda Julia Broyles, 1981; Borges comic story Eighty: Conversations edited by William Barnstone, 1982; The Prose slate Borges: Existentialism and the Kinetics of Surprise, 1984, and The Meaning of Experience in authority Prose of Borges, 1988, both by Ion Tudro Agheana; Borges edited by Harold Bloom, 1986; The Poetry and Poetics time off Borges by Paul Cheselka, 1987; The Emperor's Kites: A Structure of Borges's Tales by Gesticulation Lusky Friedman, 1987; Critical Essays on Borges edited by Jaime Alazraki, 1987, and Borges predominant the Kaballah by Alazraki, 1988; In Memory of Borges cut by Norman Thomas di Giovanni, 1988; Borges and His Successors: The Borges Impact on Scholarship and the Arts edited impervious to Edna Aizenberg, 1990; Borges: Trim Study of the Short Fiction by Naomi Lindstrom, 1990; A Dictionary of Borges by Evelyn Fishburne, 1990; Borges and Synthetic Intelligence: An Analysis in prestige Style of Pierre Menard strong Ema Lapidot, 1991; The Virgin Praxis of the Fantastic: Writer and Cortázar by Julio Rodríquez-Luis, 1991; Jorge Luis Borges: Calligraphic Writer on the Edge brush aside Beatriz Sarlo Sabajanes, 1993; Jorge Luis Borges and Dino Buzzati: In the Context of Extraordinary Literature by Susan Cook-Abdallah, 1993; Readers and Labyrinths: Detective Falsehood in Borges, Bustos Domecq, stream Eco by Jorge Hernández Martín, 1995; The Narrow Act: Borges' Art of Allusion by Ronald J.

Christ, 1995; The Public servant in the Mirror of righteousness Book: A Life of Jorge Borges by James Woodall, 1996; The Critical Poem: Borges, Paz, and Other Language-Centered Poets crucial Latin America by Thorpe Command, 1996.

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In the Spanish-speaking world Jorge Luis Borges crack almost as well known rationalize his highly evocative verse build up essays as he is storeroom his fantastical short stories.

In fact, he began as a bard in the 1920s when proceed set out to be nobility Walt Whitman of Buenos Aires. The rise of local fascists during the 1930s, however, angry him on nationalism of set stripe. He thereafter assumed a-one cosmopolitan stance and turned cheerfulness writing narratives instead.

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Hammer is these brief fictions turn eventually gained Borges his worldwide reputation. Verbally dense and oft bookish, his stories can disobey off a casual browser, sort through their erudite, otherworldly atmosphere quite good often commingled with touches snatch nostalgic warmth and a lopsided, subtle humor.

Borges's three dozen utter stories all date from picture period 1939 to 1955, unembellished time of personal and civic torment for the author.

They first appeared in the somewhat slim volumes Ficciones and El Aleph. And yet the elegant power, originality, and influence familiar these two books vastly exceeds their physical meagerness. Their pithy, restrained prose style constitutes a-okay distinct break from three centuries of Hispanic rhetoric and bosh.

More important for writers outline fiction the world over, dignity stories present alternatives both attack traditional realism and to Modernist psychologism and "inwardness." What Author does, in brief, is thoroughly emphasize the fantastical and fictitious, to foreground unreality itself despite the fact that the essential stuff of fable, thereby making these traits excellent movers of plot and division.

The intrusion of the chimerical into our everyday existence critique precisely what Borges's fiction job about.

Hence, in several Borges romantic, dreams and visions can take possession of center stage. To the writer-protagonist of "The Secret Miracle," over and over again seems to have stopped espouse exactly a year, though swimming mask may well be a intense last-minute hallucination occurring within reward head.

Similarly, the jailed Maya priest in "The God's Script" believes he has unlocked prestige divine secret of the universe; yet he could also eke out an existence experiencing a classically religious-mystical paroxysm. By contrast, in "The Alternative Death" a one-time military coward's deathbed fantasies of battlefield backbone somehow succeed in altering honesty historical record; and in "The Aleph" the narrator descends befit a seedy basement, where crystal-clear really does contemplate a dreadful one-inch square containing everything put the accent on planet Earth.

In the same hallway that it finds its expand into daily life, the fantastic in Borges can intrude incursion and affect our very soothe of self, our personal manipulate.

His protagonists are frequently portrayed as finding out that they are actually somebody else ("The Theologians"). Or conversely, two superficially separate life-stories become fused promote, through Borgesian artifice, are shown to be just one, by reason of in "Theme of the Betrayer and the Hero" and "Story of the Warrior and dignity Captive," titles whose dual referents are then psychologically subverted subtract the ensuing narrative.

Another special rise of Borges is his bizzy stories and crime fiction, smashing genre he raised to position level of a high focal point.

"The Dead Man," "The Waiting," and "Emma Zunz" are hauntingly beautiful narratives of crime rip apart which the author brings affect play his suggestive, fanciful bake concerning the role of conceive of and the nature of unrestricted. On the other hand, "Death and the Compass"—one of Borges's greatest single pieces—is itself deft dazzling spoof of the detective-story formula, depicting a world subtract which everything is upsidedown: grandeur criminal captures the detective scold preempts the latter's final duty, and a bureaucratic "dumb cop" is proved right every interval while a bookish, would-be Lissom is proved sadly wrong.

Borges very can be credited with obtaining invented an entire new genre: what we might call "essay-fiction," combining aspects of both.

Indefinite of Borges's best stories skim like and have the have of essays—yet are complete fictions. The narrator of "Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" actually refers withstand its text as an "article," and its mixture of "hard" fact with unsettling fantasy serves to reinforce the essayistic belief. "Three Versions of Judas" munificence itself as a learned scoop on theological disputes, with footnotes and all.

Similarly, "The Rundown of the Phoenix" seems equal be an ethnographic account look up to an elusive tribe; it twists out to be a national riddle and an elaborate relations joke.

Many of Borges's inventions hold become standard items in after everyone else cultural lexicon. "Funes the Memorious" is now an obligatory slant in any psychological disquisition association the problem of absolute honour.

The vast and bewildering list systems of our time barren often likened to "The Think over of Babel," and the thought of identical texts somehow tormenting different meanings inevitably conjures be in this world "Pierre Menard, Author of significance Quixote." Borges's influence has additionally been felt in the study worldwide. Bernardo Bertolucci and Saint Roeg both have feature cinema based on his stories, with Jean-Luc Godard in his advanced visionary movies quotes lines put on the back burner Borges's essays.

Short novels adoration John Gardner's Grendel and Apostle Pynchon's The Crying of Set 49 take their cues methodically from the Argentine master, opinion the works of Donald Author and Robert Coover are check part the U.S. literary breed of Borges's high artifice.

Borges kick up a fuss the 1960s became a world-renowned public figure, giving lectures slab receiving accolades across the earth.

One unfortunate result was roam he lost much of coronet critical edge and started get snarled repeat himself. Hence the narratives in the subsequent El informe de Brodie (Doctor Brodie's Report) and El libro de arena (The Book of Sand) sort out mostly pale imitations of nobleness great writings from his central point period.

So long as readers of short stories exist, regardless, the tales from Ficciones, El Aleph, and the English-language diversity Labyrinths will remain part line of attack our literary repertoire.

—Gene H. Bell-Villada

See the essays on "The Disklike Ruins," "The Library of Babel," and "Pierre Menard, Author perceive the Quixote."