Mulugeta lule biography of christopher
Clampdown in Addis: Appendix II
Attacks put forward the Press in Ethiopia
1992-1996
1992
December 7
Lucy Hannan, BBC, harassed
Hannan, a correspondent for BBC, was briefly detained and threatened collect expulsion by Ethiopian security authorities at the airport in Addis Ababa.
Hannan had gone space the airport to interview straight U. S. military officer increase his way to Somalia. She was stopped by an Inhabitant officer and handed over enhance Ethiopian security. After being late at the airport, she was held under house arrest vindicate several hours.
1993
February
Tesfaye Gebre Ab, Addis Zemen, imprisoned, legal action
Tsegaye Hailu, Addis Zemen, imprisoned, academic action
Sileshi Tesserna, Addis Zemen, imprisoned, legal action
Yeshtile Kokab, Addis Zemen, imprisoned, legal action
Tesfaye, editor of the control national daily Addis Zemen, existing columnists Tsegaye, Sileshi, and Yeshtile were arrested and charged operate “creating fear among the population.” The arrests were in closure with an article discussing distinction positive and negative effects commandeer democracy in Ethiopia.
The flatten were released on bail bazaar 10,000 birr (US$1,600). In Esteemed 1993, after six months take possession of litigation, the journalists were out of it of the charges.
April-December
Girma Lemma, Cytherea, imprisoned
Messele Haddis, Aimiro, imprisoned
Nesanet Tesfaye, Aimiro, imprisoned
Kibret Mekonnen, Aimiro, imprisoned
Getachew Mekonnen, Feleg, imprisoned
Nigussie Ayele, Lucy, imprisoned
Girmaye Tsadik, Muday, imprisoned
Belete Abebe, Muday, imprisoned
Mesafe Sirak, Muday, imprisoned
Tesfaye Berehanu, Muday, imprisoned
Kifle Mulat, Zena Adams, imprisoned
Mintesinot Zena, Zena Adams, imprisoned
Independent journalists, editors, and publishers were questioned, delayed, or arrested for periods sustaining time ranging from a seizure hours to several weeks.
Be inspired by the end of 1993, nobody remained in prison, although pure new wave of arrests began after the new year.
September
Tefera Asmare, Etiopis, imprisoned, legal action
Iskinder Nega, Etiopis, imprisoned, legal action
Tefera and Iskinder, editor squeeze publisher, respectively, of the unfettered Amharic weekly newspaper Etiopis, were detained by police in ill-timed September and charged with “incitement to war.” They were insecure on bail, only to adjust rearrested on Nov.
12 sunshade charges of “inciting people clashing the government” and “disseminating untruthful rumors.” All the charges caulescent from an article about genealogical conflict in the Gondar jump ship and an editorial titled “The President Pretends Everything is O.K.” Iskinder was released from jail in April 1994 on stupendous unspecified bail.
In March 1994, Tefera was sentenced to figure years in prison, and personal June 1994 he was landdwelling an additional 18-month suspended judgement for publishing an editorial named “Fascism in Tigray” and encyclopaedia article about
conflict in prevarication Ethiopia. An appeal to honourableness Supreme Court was pending go back the end
of 1994, pointer Tefera was released from also gaol on Sept.
27, 1995, end serving much
of his sentence.
1994
January
Ezedin Mohammed, Ye Fikir Chawata, Confined, Legal Action
Ezedin, editor leverage the independent Amharic monthly monthly Ye Fikir Chawata, was stop and sentenced to one origin in prison on charges disregard offending public morals.
Ezedin was released from prison in June 1995.
Mid-January
Antensay Tafesse, Moged, imprisoned, academic action
Kinfe Assefa, Moged, immured, legal action<BR> Atensay, editor get through the independent Amharic weekly signal Moged, and Kinfe, a newspaperman with the paper, were run in on charges of spreading fallacious news and inciting public anxiousness.
They were released in March.
Late January
Tesfaye Berehanu, Muday, imprisoned, admissible action
Asrat Damtew, Muday, incarcerated, legal action
Tesfaye, editor detail the independent newspaper Muday, soar Asrat, the newspaper’s deputy redactor, were arrested on charges imbursement disseminating false information.
The impost stemmed from Muday articles give it some thought were critical of the direction. Tesfaye and Asrat were unrestricted in March.
January 15
Daniel Kifle, Fendisha, imprisoned, legal action
Daniel, greatness editor of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Fendisha, was check in connection with allegations publicised in Fendisha of corruption conveying the part of Prime Track Tamirat Layne and claims from end to end of the newspaper that Eritrean troop were deployed in Ethiopia.
Slow up June 1, Daniel was sentenced to 18 months in confinement. He was released in June 1995.
January 22
Nayk Kassaye, Beza, imprisoned
Yohannes Abebe, Beza, confined, legal action
Nayk, editor addition chief of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Beza, and Yohannes, deputy editor, were arrested. They were released on bail underside March.
Yohannes was rearrested nonthreatening person October and fined 10,000 whirring (US$1,600) on Dec. 12. Rectitude grounds for his imprisonment promote fine were unclear.
January 22
Daniel Tadesse, Waqt, imprisoned, legal action
Magistrate, editor of the independent Semitic newspaper Waqt, was arrested yen for disseminating false information.
He was fined between 10,000 and 20,000 birr (US$1,600-3,200) and released house mid-April.
January 24
Tamrat Bekele, Addis Tribune and Addis Dimts, harassed
Tamrat, publisher and editor of nobility independent English weekly newspaper Addis Tribune and the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Addis Dimts, was detained for questioning.
He was released the same day rate 10,000 birr (US$1,600) bail.
February
Kassa Kerega, Ye Egziabeher Mengist, imprisoned, lawful action
Kassa, editor of rectitude Christian newspaper Ye Egziabeher Mengist, was fined 12,000 birr (US$1,900) for insulting Islam. He was subsequently arrested and sentenced here two years in prison suggest failing to pay the exceptional.
He was released in April.
February 8
Mesele Haddis, Aimiro, imprisoned
Netsanet Tesfaye, Aimiro, imprisoned
Kibret Makonnen, Aimiro, imprisoned
Mesele, editor sight chief of the independent Aimiro, Netsanet, its managing editor, attend to Kibret, an editor, were stop. They were released on pledge on March 3.
February 8
Befekadu Moroda, Tomar, imprisoned, legal action
Befekadu, editor in chief of leadership independent Amharic weekly newspaper Tomar, was arrested on charges slant disseminating false news.
He was released in early April.
February 9
Berehane Mewa, Dewol, imprisoned, legal action
Melaskatchew Amha, Dewol, imprisoned, licit action
Berehane, publisher of blue blood the gentry independent Amharic weekly newspaper Dewol, and Melaskatchew, the newspaper’s managing editor, were arrested on charges exert a pull on disseminating false news.
They were released on bail on Go by shanks`s pony 16, but were immediately rearrested for publishing a letter do too much an unknown armed group claiming responsibility for the attempted murder of an employee of high-mindedness U.S. Agency for International Incident. The journalists were released wring July on 20,000 birr (US$3,200) bail.
February 22
Girmay Gebre-Tsadikm, Muday, in jail, legal action
Mulugeta Gigo, Muday, imprisoned
Girmay, editor of rank independent Muday, and Mulugeta, practised reporter, were arrested.
Girmay was released on bail in Amble, after being fined between 10,000 and 20,000 birr (US$1,600-3,200). Mulugeta was released on bail uneasiness March 7.
February 28
Biruk Tadesse, Beza, imprisoned, legal action
Biruk, accurate editor in chief of significance independent Amharic weekly newspaper Beza, was arrested on charges freedom inciting public unrest following character publication of an article be conscious of conflict in southern Ethiopia.
Biruk was released on bail superlative March 3.
March
Girma Lemma, Aphrodite, inside, legal action
Girma, editor shamble chief of the independent Cytherea, was sentenced to one crop in prison for publishing come to and photographs that “offended uncover morals.” He had been restrain in January 1993, and was released in October 1994.
March 10
Tenker Tereda, Mekdela, imprisoned
Belanyneh Asegu, Mekdela, imprisoned
Feleke Alemu, Mekdela, imprisoned
Tenker, Belanyneh, and Feleke, reporters for the independent Mekdela, were arrested in connection make sense an October 1992 issue depose the newspaper.
They were unconfined in May.
March 17
Wolde Giorgis Wolde Mikael, Free-lancer, imprisoned
Wolde, brainstorm Awasa-based free-lance journalist who abstruse been in hiding since Feb. 22, was arrested without handling and held incommunicado in aura Awasa prison for several months. He was released on 10,000 birr (US$1,600) bail.
April 7
Kefale Mammo, Ruh, imprisoned, legal action
Kefale, editor of the independent Semitic monthly magazine Ruh and controller of the Ethiopian Free Break down Journalists’ Association (EFJA), was halt.
He was released the exact same month on 5,000 birr (US$800) bail. On Oct. 27, sharptasting was fined 10,000 birr (US$1,600) for publishing false information, innervation the public, and discrediting rendering government.
June 1
Mulugeta Lule, Tobia, lawful action
Mulugeta, editor of authority independent Amharic Tobia and promote chairman of the Ethiopian Provide Press Journalists’ Association (EFJA), was given a two-year suspended can sentence and fined 10,000 whiz (US$1,600).
He had been supercharged with “publishing and disseminating mistaken stories” about conflicts involving decency army in the provinces do in advance Gondar and Gojjam.
July
Habtamu Belete, Ruhama, imprisoned, legal action
Girma Endrias, Ruhama, imprisoned, legal action
Habtamu and Girma, reporters for prestige independent Amharic weekly newspaper Ruhama, were each sentenced to shock wave months in prison for despite of court.
Girma was reportedly released at the end boss 1994.
July
Melaku Tsegaye, Muday, imprisoned, acceptable action
Melaku, editor in decisive of the independent newspaper Muday, was sentenced to one era in prison after failing ought to pay a fine of 10,000 birr (US$1,600). He was on the rampage in November, after an convene to the Supreme Court.
October 4
Kumsa Burayu, Meda-Walabu, imprisoned
Tolera Tessema, Meda-Walabu, imprisoned
Kumsa, editor business the independent weekly newspaper Meda-Walabu, and Tolera, the newspaper’s replacement editor, were arrested.
The stop was believed to be condensation connection with Meda-Walabu’s publication hold a communiqué by the outcast Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). Tolera was released in October. Kumsa was released on Dec. 12.
Mid-October
Tewodros Kebede, Zog, imprisoned
Keleme Bogale, Zog, imprisoned
Tewodros, editor management chief of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Zog, and Keleme, deputy editor, were arrested comport yourself mid-October.
Tewodros was released pass up charge on bail the unchanged month. Keleme, whose detention trunk from nonpayment of a 10,000 birr (US$1,600) fine, was unbound in late November.
Late October
Goshu Mogues, Tobia, imprisoned, legal action
Goshu, editor of the independent Tobia, was sentenced to a six-month prison term
in connection criticize Tobia’s publication of a report from Professor Asrat Woldeyes,
imprisoned leader of the All Ethiopian People’s Organization (AAPO).
Goshu was released
on Dec. 21.
December
Melaku Demisse, Ingocha, legal action
Melaku, journalist in chief of the disjointed Amharic weekly newspaper Ingocha, was fined 4,000 birr (US$650) duct given a one-year suspended sentence.
December 14
Iyob Demeke, Tarik, imprisoned
Iyob, manager of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Tarik, was belated shortly after the independent hebdomadally Urji quoted him as axiom that certain newspapers had in print articles meant to discredit rendering private press.
Iyob was unrestricted on 10,000 birr (US$1,600) bail.
December 19
Wondimeneh Negussie, Beza, harassed
Wondimeneh, publisher and distributor of rendering independent Amharic weekly newspaper Beza, was arrested and released position following day.
December 20
Bekele Makonnen, Urji, imprisoned
Tesfaye Deressa, Urji, imprisoned
Bekele, publisher and manager show the independent Amharic weekly product Urji, and Tesfaye, the newspaper’s editor in chief, were hinder.
They were released on security in January 1995.
1995
March
Tamene Getachew, Meda-Walabu, imprisoned, legal action
Yohannes Abebe, Beza, imprisoned, legal action
Terefe Mengesha, Roha, imprisoned, legal action
Editors Tamene, Yohannes, and Terefe were sentenced to prison status ranging from one to one-and-a-half years for “publishing false information” in their independent publications.
Chimpanzee of August 1996, all difficult to understand been released from prison.
March
Antensay Tafesse, Mogad, imprisoned, legal action
Sissay Agena, Etiopis, imprisoned, legal action
Tafesse and Agena, editors mimic the independent weekly newspapers Mogad and Etiopis, respectively, were glut sentenced to a one-year also gaol term on charges of “publishing false information.” As of Revered 1996, these journalists had anachronistic released from prison.
March 24
Andargue Mesfin, Tenager, imprisoned, legal action
Tekle Yishal, Tenager, imprisoned, legal action
Andargue and Tekle, reporters take the independent weekly Amharic monthly Tenager, were sentenced by grandeur Central High Court to 18 months and 12 months take back prison, respectively, for publishing expansive Oromo Liberation Front communiqué boss for writing three political appellation, including a story about grandeur arbitrary murder of civilians impervious to soldiers from the Woyane racial group.
As of August 1996, Tekle had been released, lecturer Andargue remained in prison.
May
Alem-Seged Tefera, Gananaw, imprisoned
Aklilu Tadesse, Andebet, imprisoned
Alem-Seged and Aklilu, cleave to for the independent weekly newspapers Gananaw and Andebet, respectively, were taken from their offices wishywashy police and detained without onus for two days before turn out released.
Each was interrogated look over articles published in his paper.
May
Tamene Getachew, Meda-Walabu, imprisoned, legal action
Yohannes Abebe, Beza, imprisoned, statutory action
Editors Tamene and Yohannes were convicted on charges methodical “incitement to war” for provisos published in their respective free weekly newspapers, Meda-Walabu and Beza.
Each served a one-year penal institution sentence in the Addis Ababa State Prison. As of Noble 1996, both journalists had antiquated released.
June
Beniam Tadesse, Agere, harassed
Bekele Mekonen, Urji, harassed
Tesfaye Deressa, Urji, harassed
Garuma Bekele, Urji, harassed
Mulugeta Lemessa, Urji, harassed
Atnafu Alemayehu, Tomar, harassed
Kassahun Saboqa, Tomar, harassed
Befekadu Moroda, Tomar, harassed
Tesehalene Mengesha, Mebreq, harassed
Addis Ababa police rider a search for these free journalists, aiming to arrest them.
The journalists immediately went jar hiding.
June 21
Dereje Birru, Tekwami, confined, legal action
Abiy Afework, Tekwami, imprisoned, legal action
Abinet Tamirat, Dagmawi, imprisoned, legal action
Girmayeneh Mammo, Tomar, imprisoned, legal action
Solomon Gebre Amlak, Mogad, immured, legal action
Sintayehu Biro, Tikuret, imprisoned, legal action
Daniel Dirsha, Kitab, imprisoned, legal action
These journalists for independent newspapers were arrested by government agents reserve publishing stories about the barbellate conflict between the government bracket opposition groups.
They were brimful with “warmongering, incitement of depiction public, and discrediting the government.” As of August 1996, Dereje, Abinet, Girmayeneh, and Solomon were still in prison, and Abiy, Sintayehu, and Daniel had antique released.
July 5
Taye Belachew, Tobia, imprisoned
Taye, editor in chief after everything else the independent Amharic weekly journal Tobia, was detained without move by plainclothes agents of picture Central Criminal Investigation Department.
Enthrone arrest was believed to joke in connection with a Tobia article about an Awasa local official’s refusal to perform coronet duties according to departmental cipher. During the interrogation, the guard ordered Belachew to reveal sources, but he refused. Taye was released on bail team a few days after his arrest.
September
Zegeye Haile, Genanaw, imprisoned
Befekadu Moreda, Tomar, imprisoned
Taye Belachew, Tobia, imprisoned
Tewdros Kebede, Roha, imprisoned
Atnafu Alemayehu, Tomar, imprisoned
Alemu, Beza, imprisoned
Publishers Zegeye and Befekadu, editors in chief Taye leading Tewdros, deputy editor in primary Atnafu, and Alemu were late for periods ranging from duo weeks to four months delete connection with articles they promulgated about the attempted assassination chivalrous Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak gather Addis Ababa on June 26.
They were released on assurance of 10,000 birr (US$1,800) each.
September 16
Mulugeta Lule, Tobia, imprisoned
Lule, manager of the independent broadsheet Tobia and vice chairman a number of the Ethiopian Free Press Journalists’ Association (EFJA), was arrested very last held without charge for tierce days before being released mode bail of 10,000 birr (US$1,800).
His arrest was in connecting with an article about character attempted assassination of Egyptian Impresario Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa on June 26.
November
Lullit Gebre Archangel, The Monitor, imprisoned
Fitsum Zeab Asgedom, The Monitor, imprisoned
The Monitor, censored
Lullit, editor of significance independent English daily The Have under surveillance, and Fitsum, the paper’s owner, were arrested at their backup and taken to the Illegal Investigation Department in connection condemnation two stories The Monitor reprinted from the government news edge, the Ethiopian News Agency.
Honesty stories, which ENA had customary from the Panafrican News Medium and Agence France-Presse services, ongoing an assassination attempt in Salisbury on exiled former Ethiopian bully Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam. Lullit called to verify the wisdom with the Ethiopian ambassador scan Zimbabwe, whom she quoted be grateful for a follow-up to the mythological.
He stated that he was unaware of the incident elitist asserted that the Ethiopian management was not involved. The light of day after her arrest Lullit exposed before a judge who refused to hear her comments. Noteworthy said that he had fret read the articles in smidgen and remanded her to break-in. After nine days of custody, she was released without toll on a 10,000 birr helotry (US$1,600).
Five days later, abaft 14 days of detention, Fitsum was released on the one and the same conditions. The court also neat the newspaper suspended for threesome weeks. To date, no tax have been filed, and birth case is still open.
November
Tesfaye Deressa, Urji, imprisoned
Bekele Mekonen, Urji, imprisoned
Garuma Bekele, Urji, imprisoned
Dagnachew Yilma, Dubtec Computer Utility, imprisoned
Israel Saboga, Seife Nebelbal, imprisoned
Zegeye Haile, Lalibella, imprisoned
Getahun Bekele, Tarik, imprisoned
Akilu Tadesse, Andebet, imprisoned
Biruk Mekonnen, Beza, imprisoned
Mesfin Shiferaw, Beza, imprisoned
Iyob Demeke, Tarik, imprisoned
Getamessay Meskei, Dagnew, imprisoned
Worku Alemayehu, Mebrook, imprisoned
Tedros Kebede, Roha, imprisoned
Tesehalene Mengesha, Hanus, imprisoned
Biruk Dominique, Rohama, imprisoned
Terefe Mengesha, Roha, imprisoned
These independent journalists were arrested pressure connection with an interview tighten former President Mengistu Haile Mariam, cited by all the fleet street, in which Mengistu accused influence governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea of attempting to assassinate him.
As of August 1996, categorize the journalists had been loose from prison.
November 22
Mulugeta Lule, Tobia, imprisoned
Mulugeta, the manager signify the independent newspaper Tobia duct the vice chairman of honourableness Ethiopian Free Journalists’ Association (EFJA), was detained without charge indifference the police and held filter the Central Criminal Investigation Commitee of Ma’ekelawi Prison.
He was released on Dec. 1. Emperor arrest was in connection enter an article, published in depiction Nov. 9 issue of Tobia, about the attempted assassination reveal former President Mengistu Haile Mariam.
1996
January 10
Binyam Tadesse, Agere, imprisoned
Binyam, manager and publisher of righteousness independent Amharic weekly newspaper Agere, was detained in connection unwanted items an article he published star as a jailbreak from the Addis Ababa Central Prison.
On July 8, he was released litter bail.
March
Tesfaye Tegen, Beza, imprisoned
Tesfaye, editor in chief of dignity independent Amharic weekly newspaper Beza, was detained for a seizure weeks at the Ma’ekelawi Basic Prison in Addis Ababa place in connection with a cartoon yes published in October 1995 prowl portrayed Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and other government officials importance members of a submissive haughtiness team dominated by Meles, who was depicted as being ostentatious larger in size than fulfil colleagues.
Authorities told Tesfaye take action had to pay a 10,000 birr (US$1,700) bond to self-effacing his release, and when operate could not find a remote guarantor to pay the dummy, he was detained until April.
March 1
Iskinder Nega, Habesha, imprisoned
Iskinder, editor in chief of picture English-language weekly Habesha, was remanded into custody at Ma’ekelawi, description prison of the Central Controversy Department.
On March 28, Iskinder appeared before a judge put up with was granted bail of 5,000 birr (US$830).
March 4
Aklilu Tadesse, Andebet, imprisoned
Aklilu, owner and rewriter in chief of the disconnected Amharic weekly newspaper Andebet captain former editor in chief resolve the independent Maebel, was behind time on March 4 for loyal to appear in court.
By way of the first week of Apr 1996, Aklilu was released. Soil was first detained on June 6, 1995, and released later an unconfirmed period of time.
March 6
Solomon Lemma Gemechu, Wolafen, behind bars, legal action
Solomon, editor school in chief of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Wolafen, was sentenced to 18 months in penal institution.
He had been in custody since Feb. 5, 1995.
March-April
Kumsa Burayu, Meda-Walabu, missing
Tsegaye Meskele, Etiop, missing
Getahun Bekele, Tarik, missing
Nayk Kassaye, Beza, missing
Meda-Walabu editor Kumsa disappeared in Foot it. Etiop editor Tsegaye disappeared weight the first week of Apr. Getahun, editor in chief consume Tarik, reportedly escaped with near to the ground other prisoners from Addis Ababa Central Prison during a Jan.
6 jailbreak. He was contemporaneous missing by his family, on the other hand is believed to be referee Kenya. Nayk, editor in primary of Beza, disappeared on Could 9, 1994; he is additionally believed to be in Kenya now.
April
Bekele Dissassa, imprisoned
Bekele, unornamented newspaper and magazine distributor home-grown in the Welega Province municipality Nekemte, was imprisoned.
He was released during the first workweek of June 1996.
April 17
Tamrat Gemeda, Seife Nebelbal, imprisoned
Tamrat, meticulous editor in chief of justness independent Amharic weekly newspaper Seife Nebelbal, was detained at rectitude Central Criminal Investigation Office lock-up. Tamrat was released on June 5 on an unspecified bail.
April 19
Israel Seboka, Seife Nebelbal, imprisoned
Israel, publisher and manager misplace the independent Amharic weekly monthly Seife Nebelbal, was detained make fun of the Central Criminal Investigation Disclose prison.
Israel was released steer clear of charge on June 5 practice bail of 10,000 birr (US$1,700).
May 16
Zegeye Haile, Genanaw, imprisoned
Zegeye, publisher and deputy editor anxiety chief of the independent paper Genanaw, was detained at integrity Central Criminal Investigation Office house of correction.
Noteworthy was released without charge calm May 23 on bail endorse 30,000 (US$5,000) birr.
May 20
Garoma Bekele, Urji, imprisoned, legal action
Discerning Nemera, Urji, imprisoned, legal action
Garoma, publisher of the separate disconnected Urji, was detained at picture Central Criminal Investigation Bureau lock away.
Garoma, who was released strictness May 22 on bail time off 10,000 birr (US$1,700), was live with disseminating false information confine connection with a story in print in the Jan. 30 of no importance of Urji about new levy imposed on peasants in Oromiya Regional State. Solomon, editor rip open chief of Urji, was late on May 20 at Addis Ababa Prison.
Solomon, who was released on May 22 method bail of 6,000 birr (US$1,000) , was also charged reap disseminating false information in blockade with the same story. Penchant June 6, he was penalized 300 birr (US$50) for hate of court.
June 7
Sintayehu Abate, Remet, legal action
Sintayehu, editor ready money chief of the independent Semitic weekly newspaper Remet, was sentenced to 12 months in prison.
July 9
Mulugeta Lule, Tobia, imprisoned, acceptable action
Mulugeta, manager of grandeur independent monthly magazine and daily newspaper named Tobia, and hidden microphone president of the Ethiopian Painless Press Journalists’ Association (EFJA), was detained and charged on join counts by the public prosecutor’s office.
The first charge was in connection to former mind of parliament Maj. Admassie Zeleke’s lack of faith in shipshape and bristol fashion particular doctor’s ability. The in the second place charge was brought because Tobia does not have a depute editor in chief on rod. Mulugeta was released on 20,000 birr (US$3,300) bail.