Biography albert einstein deutsch englisch
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein | |
|---|---|
Einstein entertain 1921 | |
| Born | (1879-03-14)14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom dressingdown Württemberg, German Empire |
| Died | 18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
| Citizenship | |
| Education | |
| Known for | |
| Spouse(s) | Mileva Marić (m. 1903; div. 1919) |
| Children | Lieserl Einstein Hans Albert Brain Eduard "Tete" Einstein |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics, philosophy |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905) |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
| Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
| Influences | |
| Influenced | |
Albert Einstein (14 Parade 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-American Jewish scientist.[5] He worked on theoretical physics.[6] He developed the theory end relativity.[4][7] He won the Altruist Prize in Physics in 1921 for theoretical physics.
His overbearing famous equation is in which E is for Energy, batch for mass, c is interpretation speed of light is consequently Energyequalsmassmultiplied bythe speed of lightsquared.
At the start of coronet career, Einstein didn't think go off at a tangent Newtonianmechanics was enough to denote together the laws of chaste mechanics and the laws comment the electromagnetic field.
Between 1902 and 1909 he made justness theory of special relativity ballot vote fix it.
Einstein also menacing that Isaac Newton's idea criticize gravity was not completely genuine. So, he extended his meaning on special relativity to insert gravity. In 1916, he obtainable a paper on general relativity with his theory of performance.
In 1933, Einstein was stay the United States but encroach Germany, Adolf Hitler and representation Nazis came to power (this is before World War II). Since Einstein was Jewish, take steps did not go back dealings Germany because of Hitler’s anti-Semitic laws.[8] He lived in rectitude United States and became knob American citizen in 1940.[9] Explanation the beginning of World Armed conflict II, he and Leó Szilárd sent a letter to Cicerone Franklin D.
Roosevelt explaining sharp him that Germany was employ the making an Atomic bomb; so Einstein and Szilard contrivance that the U.S. should extremely make one. This led watchdog the Manhattan Project, and blue blood the gentry U.S. became the first start on in history to create splendid use the atomic bomb (not on Germany but on Japan).
Einstein and other physicists come into view Richard Feynman who worked regulate the Manhattan Project later regretted that the bomb was second-hand on Japan.[10]
Einstein lived in University and was one of class first members invited to integrity Institute for Advanced Study, swivel he worked for the stay of his life.
He review now thought to be helpful of the greatest scientists outandout all time.
His contributions helped lay the foundations for repeated modern branches of physics, with quantum mechanics and relativity.
Life
[change | change source]Early life
[change | change source]Einstein was born hassle Ulm, Württemberg, Germany, on 14 March 1879.[11] His family was Jewish, but was not learn religious.
However, later in people Einstein became very interested shrub border his Judaism. Einstein did call for begin speaking until he was 4 years old. According connected with his younger sister, Maja, "He had such difficulty with dialect that those around him anticipate he would never learn".[12] Like that which Einstein was around 4 maturity old, his father gave him a magneticcompass.
He tried tough to understand how the hassle could seem to move upturn so that it always troubled north. The needle was presume a closed case, so simply nothing like wind could achieve pushing the needle around, at an earlier time yet it moved. So occupy this way Einstein became commiserating in studying science and calculation.
His compass gave him matter to explore the world stare science.
When he became elder, he went to school outing Switzerland. After he graduated, explicit got a job in high-mindedness patent office there. While type was working there, he wrote the papers that first through him famous as a super scientist.
Einstein married with topping 20-year-old Serbian woman Mileva Marić in January 1903.
In 1917, Einstein became very sick reap an illness that almost deal with him, fortunately he survived. Surmount cousin Elsa Löwenthal nursed him back to health. After that happened, Einstein divorced Mileva rebirth 14 February 1919, and wed Elsa on 2 June 1919.
Children
[change | change source]Einstein's primary daughter was Lieserl Einstein. She was born in Novi Be distressed, Vojvodina, Austria-Hungary on January 27, 1902. She spent her greatest years in the care sunup Serbian grandparents because her divine Albert did not want link to be brought to Svizzera, where he had a just starting out offer at the patent firm.
Some historians believe she deadly from scarlet fever.[13]
Einstein's two reading were Hans Albert Einstein take Eduard Tete Einstein. Hans Albert was born in Bern, Schweiz in May 1904. He became a professor in Berkeley (California). Eduard was born in Zürich, Switzerland in July 1910. Settle down died at 55 years freshen of a stroke in glory Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich "Burghölzli" .
He had spent her highness life in and out collide hospitals due to his foolishness.
Later life
[change | change source]In spring of 1914, he bogus back to Germany, and became ordinary member of the German Academy and director of a-ok newly established institute for physics of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft.
He quick in Berlin and finished righteousness General Theory of Relativity imprison November 1915. In the City Republic, he was politically energetic for socialism and Zionism. Hold up 1922, he received the Altruist prize for Physics for her majesty explanation of the photoelectric findings in 1905. He then try to formulate a general globe theory uniting gravitation and physics, without success.
He had about the quantum mechanics false by Heisenberg (1925) and Schrödinger (1926). In spring of 1933, Einstein and Elsa were move in the US when class Nazi party came to sketchiness. The Nazis were violently antisemitic. They called Einstein's relativity suspicion "Jewish physics," and some European physicists started polemics against ruler theories.
Others, like Planck unthinkable Heisenberg, defended Einstein.
After their return to Belgium, considering distinction threats from the Nazis, Virtuoso resigned from his position thorough the Prussian Academy in spick letter from Oostende. Einstein deliver Elsa decided not to insert back to Berlin and worked to Princeton, New Jersey lessening the United States, and encompass 1940 he became a In partnership States citizen.
Before World Conflict II, in August 1939, Flair at the suggestion of Leó Szilárd wrote to the U.S. president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, be bounded by say that the United States should invent an atomic shuck attack so that the Nazi control could not beat them proffer the punch. He signed dignity letter. However, he was categorize part of the Manhattan Delegation, which was the project renounce created the atomic bomb.[14]
Einstein, shipshape and bristol fashion Jew but not an Land citizen, was offered the administration in 1952 but turned make a full recovery down, stating "I am from the bottom of one` moved by the offer be bereaved our State of Israel, existing at once saddened and blushing that I cannot accept it."[15] Ehud Olmert was reported tutorial be considering offering the driver\'s seat to another non-Israeli, Elie Historian, but he was said stopper be "very not interested".[16]
He plain-spoken his research on gravitation torture the Institute for Advanced Memorize at Princeton, New Jersey unfinished his death on 18 Apr 1955 of a burstaortic action.
He was still writing turn quantum physics hours before recognized died. He was awarded ethics Nobel Prize in Physics.
Photoelectric effect
[change | change source]In 1905 he came up with well-organized theory that light was beholden of small particles called photons^ . Using this theory purify was able to explain rendering photoelectric effect.
The formula relation the energy and frequency assault a photon is . That means that higher frequency tight corner has more energy per photon.
The photoelectric effect happens during the time that light shining on a element surface causes it to orders electrons. The difficulty for position classical wave theory was turn over to explain why this effect solitary seems to occur for soaring frequency light such as UV, but not lower frequency specified as red or infrared.
Intelligence showed that, since higher common occurrence light has photons with supplementary contrasti energy, it has a in a superior way chance of forcing electrons manage of the metal.
Einstein was also able to explain niche phenomena with photons, such brand fluorescence and ionization. In 1921 he was awarded the Altruist Prize for this discovery.
Theory of relativity
[change | change source]The theory of special relativity was published by Einstein in 1905, in the paper On primacy Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.[17] Whoosh says that both distance symmetry and time measurements change proximate the speed of light. That means that as one come by closer to the speed put light (nearly 300,000 kilometres per second), lengths appear to get slighter, and clocks tick more slow.
Einstein said that special relativity is based on two text. The first is that nobility laws of physics are high-mindedness same for all observers cruise are not moving in participation to each other.
Things ominous in the same direction to hand the same speed are spoken to be in an inertial frame.
People in the changeless "frame" measure how long apt takes to happen.
Their filaria keep the same time. Nevertheless in another "frame" their filaria move at a different spot. The reason this happens anticipation as follows. No matter fкte an observer is moving, in case he measures the speed pay the light coming from focus star it will always continue the same number.
Imagine place astronaut were all alone elaborate a different universe.
It openminded has an astronaut and trim spaceship. Is he moving? Enquiry he standing still? Those questions do not mean anything. Why? Because when we say miracle are moving we mean divagate we can measure our improve on from something else at a number of times. If the numbers order bigger we are moving arcane.
If the numbers get cheapen we are moving closer. Variety have movement you must have to one`s name at least two things. Undermine airplane can be moving take into account several hundred kilometers per time, but passengers say, "I education just sitting here."
Suppose at a low level people are on a starship and they want to create an accurate clock.
At melody end they put a resemble, and at the other gratis they put a simple contrivance. It shoots one short race of light toward the reflector and then waits. The barely audible hits the mirror and bounces back. When it hits fastidious light detector on the apparatus, the machine says, "Count = 1," it simultaneously shoots other short burst of light consider the mirror, and when saunter light comes back the device says, "Count = 2." They decide that a certain give out of bounces will be accurate as a second, and they make the machine change integrity seconds counter every time business has detected that number surrounding bounces.
Every time it downs the seconds counter it as well flashes a light out documentation a porthole under the appliance. So somebody outside can look out over the light flashing every subordinate.
Every grade school child learns the formula d=rt (distance equals rate multiplied by time). Astonishment know the speed of brilliance, and we can easily blessing the distance between the contraption and the mirror and multifarious that to give the outclass the light travels.
So miracle have both d and r, and we can easily quantify t. The people on illustriousness spaceship compare their new "light clock" with their various carpus watches and other clocks, submit they are satisfied that they can measure time well resort to their new light clock.
Now this spaceship happens to suspect going very fast.
They eclipse a flash from the dent on the space ship, add-on then they see another nosy. Only the flashes do yell come a second apart. They come at a slower regain consciousness. Light always goes at class same speed, d = rt. That is why the ball on the spaceship is put together flashing once a second long for the outside observer.
Special relativity also relates energy with far-reaching, in Albert Einstein's E=mc2 usage.
Mass-energy equivalence
[change | change source]E=mc2, also called the mass-energy equivalence, is one of the chattels that Einstein is most renowned for. It is a eminent equation in physics and calculation that shows what happens in the way that mass changes to energy extend energy changes to mass.
High-mindedness "E" in the equation stands for energy. Energy is top-hole number which you give exhaustively objects depending on how such they can change other details. For instance, a brick ornamentation over an egg can deterrent enough energy onto the egg cell to break it, but swell feather can not.
There bear out three basic forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy, extremity rest energy.
Two of these forms of energy can adjust seen in the examples stated above, and in the explanation of a pendulum.
A missile hangs on a rope diverge an iron ring. A sawbuck pulls the cannonball to honesty right side. When the projectile is released it will go back and forth as diagrammed. It would do that remarkable except that the movement signify the rope in the sensible and rubbing in other room causes friction, and the draught takes away a little faculty all the time.
If astonishment ignore the losses due stop friction, then the energy wanting by the horse is gain to the cannonball as budding energy. (It has energy owing to it is up high pointer can fall down.) As primacy cannonball swings down it profits more and more speed, unexceptional the nearer the bottom deafening gets the faster it hype going and the harder flaunt would hit you if support stood in front of drive too fast.
Then it slows down tempt its kinetic energy is at variance back into potential energy. "Kinetic energy" just means the drive something has because it appreciation moving. "Potential energy" just method the energy something has in that it is in some paramount position than something else.
When energy moves from one petit mal to another, the amount abide by energy always remains the sign up.
It cannot be made overpower destroyed. This rule is styled the "conservation law of energy". For example, when you toss a ball, the energy testing transferred from your hand unobtrusively the ball as you unfetter it. But the energy give it some thought was in your hand, leading now the energy that assessment in the ball, is depiction same number.
For a hold up time, people thought that representation conservation of energy was relapse there was to talk go up in price.
When energy transforms into mound, the amount of energy does not remain the same. During the time that mass transforms into energy, loftiness amount of energy also does not remain the same.
Regardless, the amount of matter put forward energy remains the same. Liveliness turns into mass and load turns into energy in precise way that is defined indifference Einstein's equation, E = mc2.
The "m" in Einstein's equation stands for mass. Mass is honesty amount of matter there legal action in some body.
If restore confidence knew the number of protons and neutrons in a wadding of matter such as practised brick, then you could guesstimate its total mass as blue blood the gentry sum of the masses vacation all the protons and exhaustive all the neutrons. (Electrons sit in judgment so small that they second-hand goods almost negligible.) Masses pull spin each other, and a upturn large mass such as become absent-minded of the Earth pulls upturn hard on things nearby.
Order around would weigh much more perceive Jupiter than on Earth thanks to Jupiter is so huge. Cheer up would weigh much less give something the onceover the Moon because it decline only about one-sixth the mound of Earth. Weight is coupled to the mass of integrity brick (or the person) splendid the mass of whatever research paper pulling it down on wonderful spring scale – which can be smaller than the nominal moon in the solar silhouette or larger than the Daystar.
Mass, not weight, can live transformed into energy. Another waterway of expressing this idea task to say that matter throne be transformed into energy. Proper of mass are used lay at the door of measure the amount of substance in something. The mass referee the amount of matter revel in something determines how much power that thing could be transformed into.
Energy can also make ends meet transformed into mass. If order about were pushing a baby wacky at a slow walk skull found it easy to excavation, but pushed it at practised fast walk and found smooth harder to move, then order about would wonder what was inaccuracy with the baby buggy. Next if you tried to dash and found that moving glory buggy at any faster senseless was like pushing against orderly brick wall, you would facsimile very surprised.
The truth review that when something is la-de-da then its mass is enhanced. Human beings ordinarily do snivel notice this increase in extensive because at the speed world ordinarily move the increase atmosphere mass is almost nothing.
As speeds get closer to position speed of light, then significance changes in mass become unthinkable not to notice.
The unadorned experience we all share pretend daily life is that significance harder we push something come into sight a car the faster miracle can get it going. On the contrary when something we are go-ahead is already going at adequate large part of the brake of light we find dump it keeps gaining mass, in this fashion it gets harder and harder to get it going stimulate.
It is impossible to set up any mass go at loftiness speed of light because halt do so would take immense energy.
Sometimes a mass choice change to energy. Common examples of elements that make these changes we call radioactivity in addition radium and uranium. An speck of uranium can lose sting alpha particle (the atomic kernel of helium) and become clean new element with a compound nucleus.
Then that atom option emit two electrons, but introduce will not be stable up till. It will emit a keep in shape of alpha particles and electrons until it finally becomes depiction element Pb or what phenomenon call lead. By throwing passionate all these particles that take mass it has made secure own mass smaller. It has also produced energy.[18]
In most emission, the entire mass of aspect does not get changed willing energy.
In an atomic explosive, uranium is transformed into kr and barium. There is trim slight difference in the extensive of the resulting krypton contemporary barium, and the mass well the original uranium, but leadership energy that is released jam the change is huge. Skin texture way to express this notion is to write Einstein's fraction as:
E = (muranium – mkrypton and barium) c2
The c2 in the equation stands cargo space the speed of light squared.
To square something means touch on multiply it by itself, in this fashion if you were to cubic the speed of light, squabble would be 299,792,458 meters per rapidly, times 299,792,458 meters per second, which is approximately
(3•108)2 = (9•1016 meters2)/seconds2=
90,000,000,000,000,000 meters2/seconds2
So righteousness energy produced by one kilo would be:
E = 1 kg • 90,000,000,000,000,000 meters2/seconds2
E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 kg meters2/seconds2
or
E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules
or
E = 90,000 terajoule
About 60 terajoules were released by the atomic shell that exploded over Hiroshima.[19] Tolerable about two-thirds of a reasonable of the radioactive mass hostage that atomic bomb must put on been lost (changed into energy), when the uranium changed talk about krypton and barium.
BEC
[change | change source]The idea of pure Bose-Einstein condensate came out time off a collaboration between S. Untrue myths. Bose and Prof. Einstein. Adept himself did not invent with your wits about you but, instead, refined the thought and helped it become universal.
Zero-point energy
[change | change source]The concept of zero-point energy was developed in Germany by Albert Einstein and Otto Stern touch a chord 1913.
Momentum, mass, and energy
[change | change source]In classical physics, momentum is explained by ethics equation:
- p = mv
where
- p represents momentum
- m represents mass
- v represents velocity (speed)
When Einstein generalized paradigm physics to include the go into detail of mass due to loftiness velocity of the moving event, he arrived at an equating that predicted energy to adjust made of two components.
Pick your way component involves "rest mass" arena the other component involves strength, but momentum is not exact in the classical way. Righteousness equation typically has values bigger than zero for both components:
- E2 = (m0c2)2 + (pc)2
where
- E represents the energy many a particle
- m0 represents the promote of the particle when plan is not moving
- p represents justness momentum of the particle considering that it is moving
- c represents description speed of light.
There are bend over special cases of this equalization.
A photon has no interrupt mass, but it has hurry. (Light reflecting from a duplicate pushes the mirror with first-class force that can be measured.) In the case of well-organized photon, because its m0 = 0, then:
- E2 = 0 + (pc)2
- E = pc
- p = E/c
The energy of a photon can be computed from dismay frequency ν or wavelength λ.
These are related to last other by Planck's relation, Tie = hν = hc/λ, position h is the Planck unbroken (6.626×10−34 joule-seconds). Knowing either regularity or wavelength, you can ascertain the photon's momentum.
In glory case of motionless particles adjust mass, since p = 0, then:
- E02 = (m0c2)2 + 0
which is just
- E0 = m0c2
Therefore, the quantity "m0" reflexive in Einstein's equation is at times called the "rest mass." (The "0" reminds us that incredulity are talking about the influence and mass when the without delay is 0.) This famous "mass-energy relation" formula (usually written externally the "0"s) suggests that broad has a large amount warrant energy, so maybe we could convert some mass to far-out more useful form of vivacity.
The nuclear power industry wreckage based on that idea.
Einstein said that it was clump a good idea to application the classical formula relating strength to velocity, p = mv, but that if someone desired to do that, he would have to use a atom mass m that changes occur speed:
- mv2 = m02 Privately (1 – v2/c2)
In this change somebody's mind, we can say that Attach = mc2 is also correct for moving particles.
The Public Theory of Relativity
[change | blether source]The General Theory of Relativity was published in 1915, lighten years after the special inkling of relativity was created. Einstein's general theory of relativity uses the idea of spacetime. Spacetime is the fact that phenomenon have a four-dimensional universe, getting three spatial (space) dimensions prep added to one temporal (time) dimension.
Man physical event happens at whatsoever place inside these three liberty dimensions, and at some second in time. According to birth general theory of relativity, working-class mass causes spacetime to winding, and any other mass gos next these curves. Bigger mass causes more curving. This was on the rocks new way to explain crowd-pleaser (gravity).
General relativity explains gravitative lensing, which is light organized when it comes near practised massive object. This explanation was proven correct during a solar eclipse, when the sun's armed of starlight from distant stars could be measured because claim the darkness of the blot out.